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Charcoal & Coal Petrology /
Coalification
Douglas Allchin (1997): James Hutton and Coal. PDF file, Cadernos IG/UNICAMP, 7: 167-183.
! J. Alleon et al. (2017): Organic molecular heterogeneities can withstand diagenesis. Scientific Reports, 7.
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL:
!
Coal
Research Tutorial.
Go to:
What
is Coalification?
These expired links
are available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
! M. Bardet and A. Pournou (2017): NMR Studies of Fossilized Wood. Abstract, Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, 90: 41–83. See also here and there (Google books).
D. Biello (2012), Scientific American: White Rot Fungi Slowed Coal Formation.
Carsten Büker,
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal,
Aachen:
Palaeo-temperature
indicators and their geologic interpretation.
About vitrinite reflectance.
This expired link
is available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
!
C.B. Cecil et al, (1985):
Paleoclimate
controls on late Paleozoic sedimentation and peat formation in the central Appalachian
Basin (USA). In PDF,
International Journal of Coal Geology,
5: 195-230.
See also
here.
Note fig. 9: Interpreted depositional settings of the Upper Freeport coal bed
and associated
rocks.
C.B. Cecil (2001):
The coalification phase of coal systems.
Abstract, GSA Annual Meeting, November 5-8, 2001.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
! John C. Crelling, Coal Research Center and
Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale:
Petrographic Atlas of Coal and Carbon Compounds.
The main purpose of this atlas is to show what coals, cokes, chars, carbons, graphites,
and other natural and man-made carbonaceous materials look like under the optical
microscope. All photomicrographs were taken in
reflected white light with and without the use of a polarizer, an analyzer, and a
retarder plate. In some cases the photomicrographs were taken in fluorescent light
using ultra-violet illumination. Go to:
Coal
Macerals Tutorial.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
J.A. D´Angelo et al. (2012): Compression map, functional groups and fossilization: A chemometric approach (Pennsylvanian neuropteroid foliage, Canada). Abstract, International Journal of Coal Geology.
! J.W. de Leeuw et al. (2005): Biomacromolecules of algae and plants and their fossil analogues. Abstract, Tasks for vegetation science, 41: 209-233. See also here (in PDF).
!
W.A. DiMichele and T.L. Phillips 1994):
Paleobotanical
and paleoecological constraints on models of peat formation in the Late Carboniferous
of Euramerica. In PDF,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,
106: 39-90.
See also here.
Earth Science Australia (by Paul Michna where no other author is indicated):
Coal.
See also:
Coal: all you really wanted to know.
The concept of coal rank.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
! V. Fernández et al. (2016): Cuticle Structure in Relation to Chemical Composition: Re-assessing the Prevailing Model. Open access, Front. Plant Sci., 31.
!
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations:
Industrial charcoal making:
Chapter 2. Wood carbonisation
and the products it yields.
"... Carbonisation is a particular form of that process in chemical technology called pyrolysis that
is the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones by heating. ..."
! Worth checking out:
2.5 The
stages in charcoal formation.
M. Frese et al. (2017):
Imaging
of Jurassic fossils from the Talbragar Fish Bed using fluorescence, photoluminescence,
and elemental and mineralogical mapping.
PLoS ONE 12(6): e0179029.
"... Closer inspection of a plant leaf (Pentoxylon australicum
White, 1981) establishes fluorescence as a useful tool for the visualisation of anatomical
details that are difficult to see under normal light conditions".
Larissa Gammidge, Department of Geology, University of Newcastle, Australia:
Coal: an introduction. Scroll down to:
"Concept of Coal Rank".
The rank of a coal refers to the degree of coalification endured by the organic matter.
See also:
!
Atlas of coal macerals.
These expired links
are available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
GeoDZ (Lexikon Geografie, Lexikon Geologie, Lexikon Geodäsie, Topologie & Geowissenschaften,
in German):
Inkohlung.
Inkohlungsgrad.
These links are now available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
P.G. Hatcher et al. (1993):
Reactions
of Wood During Early Coalification, a Clue to the Structure of Vitrinite.
PDF file.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
! Patrick G. Hatcher and David J. Clifford (1997): The organic geochemistry of coal: from plant materials to coal. Abstract, Organic Geochemistry, 27: 251-257, 259-274.
D.G. Henry et al. (2019): Raman spectroscopy as a tool to determine the thermal maturity of organic matter: Application to sedimentary, metamorphic and structural geology. Free access, Earth-Science Reviews, 198.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Coalification. PDF file.
! Ann G. Kim (2010): 1.1. The Formation of Coal. PDF file, in: Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective. Edited by Glenn B. Stracher, Anupma Prakash and Ellina V. Sokol (Elsevier).
O.C. Kopp and L.A. Harris (1988): Are alternative coalification paths possible for terrestrial coal? Abstract, Geology, 16: 844-847.
J.G. Mendonça Filho et al.: Organic Facies: Palynofacies and Organic Geochemistry Approaches. In PDF.
Water Quality and Irrigation Management, Montana State University:
The
Coalification Process.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
C. Mouraux et al. (2022): Assessing the carbonisation temperatures recorded by ancient charcoals for δ13C-based palaeoclimate reconstruction. Open access, Scientific Reports, 12.
! M.P. Nelsen et al. (2016): Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113: 2442-2447. See also here.R.F. Sachsenhofer (1988): Das Inkohlungsbild ausgewählter alpiner Kohlenreviere: Zur Frage des Einflusses tektonischen Druckes auf die chemische Inkohlung. PDF file, in German.
E. Salmon et al. (2009): Early maturation processes in coal. Part 1: Pyrolysis mass balance and structural evolution of coalified wood from the Morwell Brown Coal seam. PDF file, Organic Geochemistry, 40: 500-509.
!
J.D. Schiffbauer et al. (2012):
Thermally-induced
structural and chemical alteration of organic-walled microfossils:
an experimental approach to understanding fossil preservation in metasediments. In PDF,
Geobiology, 10: 402-423.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
See also
here.
!
F.H. Schweingruber and A. Börner (2018):
Fossilization,
permineralization, coalification, carbonization and wet wood conservation. PDF file,
pp. 183-192.
In: F.H. Schweingruber and A. Börner:
!
The
Plant Stem. A Microscopic Aspect.
Open access!
The Science and Mathematics Teaching Center, University of Wyoming:
Coal. Go to:
Coalification.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
! P.F. van Bergen et al. (2004): Structural biomacromolecules in plants: what can be learnt from the fossil record. In: A.R. Hemsley and I. Poole (eds.): The Evolution of Plant Physiology. Provided by Google books.
! P.F. van Bergen et al. (1995): Resistant biomacromolecules in the fossil record. Abstract, Acta botanica neerlandica. See also here (in PDF).
! Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Carbonization. The term for
the conversion of an organic substance into carbon.
(Carbonization differs from coalification).
Inkohlung (in German).
Category:Coal.
Coal.
Maceral.
Lignite.
C.J. Williams et al. (2010):
Fossil
wood in coal-forming environments of the late Paleocene-early Eocene
Chickaloon Formation. PDF file,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 295: 363-375.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
H.-H. Xu et al. (2017): Unique growth strategy in the Earth’s first trees revealed in silicified fossil trunks from China. In PDF, PNAS, see also here
!
E.L. Zodrow et al. (2010):
Medullosalean
fusain trunk from the roof rocks of a coal seam: Insight from FTIR and
NMR (Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield, Canada). In PDF,
International Journal of Coal Geology, 82: 16-124.
Lycophyte stump in situ on PDF page 8.
See also
here
(abstract).
! Erwin L. Zodrow et al. (2009):
Compression-cuticle
relationship of seed ferns: Insights from liquid-solid states FTIR (Late Palaeozoic-Early
Mesozoic, Canada-Spain-Argentina). Abstract, International Journal of Coal Geology,
79: 61-73.
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