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Leaf Size and Shape and the Reconstruction of Past Climates
! Nan Crystal Arens, C. Strömberg and A. Thompson, Department of Integrative Biology, and Paleobotany Section, Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Virtual Paleobotany, Lab XI. Interpreting ancient climate from fossil assemblage (e.g. climate-leaf analysis multivariate program: CLAMP; nearest living relative or the coexistence model; leaf margin analysis).
! Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley: The Cleared Leaf Collection. An image gallery of modern leaves that have been bleached and stained to make their venation patterns more visible. Leaf shape, venation, and features of the margin, base and apex constitute important taxonomic and physiognomic characters. See also here.
D.J. Beerling et al. (2001): Evolution of leaf-form in land plants linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the Late Palaeozoic era. PDF file, Nature, 410.
C. Kevin Boyce et al. (2009). Angiosperm leaf vein evolution was physiologically and environmentally transformative. PDF file, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276: 1771-1776.
C. Kevin Boyce (2009): Seeing the forest with the leaves-clues to canopy placement from leaf fossil size and venation characteristics. PDF file, Geobiology, 7: 192-199.
C. Kevin Boyce (2008): The fossil record of plant physiology and development-What leaves can tell us. PDF file, Paleontological Society Papers, 14: 133-146.
R.J. Burnham et al. (2001): Habitat-related error in estimating temperatures from leaf margins in a humid tropical forest. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 88: 1096-1102.
! CLAMP. Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Programe (CLAMP) is a multivariate statistical technique that decodes the climatic signal inherent in the physiognomy of leaves of woody dicotyledonous plants.
! Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado: DMNS Paleobotany Collection. This website contains over 1000 images of fossil plants spanning the late Cretaceous through early Eocene from the Western Interior of North America. Go to: Identification Flow Chart, or start with Morphotype a Flora. A guide to morphotyping (or binning) a fossil flora step-by-step.
David L. Dilcher, Paleobotany Laboratory, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL: Dilcher's Swamp/Woods Leaf Images.
Beth Ellis et al. (2009):
Manual
of Leaf Architecture. Book announcement.
! See also
here.
M.A. Gandolfo and E.J. Romero (1992): Leaf Morphology and a key to species of Nothofagus. Bl. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 119: 152-166.
Ian J. Glasspool et al.: Foliar physiognomy in Cathaysian gigantopterids and the potential to track Palaeozoic climates using an extinct plant group. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 205: 69-110; 2004.
David R. Greenwood, Environmental Science, Brandon University, Canada: Commentary - Leaf form and the reconstruction of past climates (Commentary on Traiser et al. 2005). PDF file, New Phytologist, 166, 355-357; 2005.
David R. Greenwood, Environmental Science, Brandon University, Canada: Commentary - Leaf form and the reconstruction of past climates (Commentary on Traiser et al. 2005). PDF file, New Phytologist, 166, 355-357; 2005.
P.M. Huff et al. (2003): Digital future for paleoclimate estimation from fossil leaves? Preliminary results. PDF file, Palaios, 18: 266-274.
P. Kenrick (2001): Turning over a new leaf. PDF file, Nature, 410: 309-310.
Jonathan Krieger, Robert Guralnick, Kirk Johnson & Dena Smith: Predicting climate using empirically determined continuous measures of leaf shape. Abstract, Botany 2004, The Botanical Society of America. See also here.
! V. Mosbrugger and T. Utescher (1997): The coexistence approach -- a method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using plant fossils. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 134: 61-86.
Sofia Oliver (2010): Digital leaf physiognomy: correlating leaf size and shape to climate in the Fox Hills, Fort Union, and Hanna Basin Formations. PDF file; Thesis, Wesleyan University.
C.P. Osborne et al. (2004): Biophysical constraints on the origin of leaves inferred from the fossil record. PDF file, PNAS, 101: 10360-10362.
Sara Pratt, Geotimes: Reaching past heights. About methods calculating paleoelevations.
! A.E. Radford, W.C. Dickison, J.R. Massey, & C.R. Bell (Harper and Row, New York):
Vascular Plant Systematics.
This book was written as a reference text for basic courses in taxonomy and as a source book of
information, procedures and references for ecosystematics, biosystematics, phylosystematics and chemosystematics.
It includes (1) an essentially synoptical treatment of the evidence, principles,
and concepts considered fundamental to vascular plant taxonomic studies and research;
(2) organized
laboratory and field exercises and problems basic to systematics;
(3) useable and useful techniques;
(4) summaries
of terminology pertinent to taxonomy;
(5) relevant bibliographies and indices; and (6) information on systematic
facilities.
Searching images you may navigate from here.
See also:
! Section A. Structure and Specialized Characters:
V. Leaves, or
Section B:
General Characters and Character States,
A. Location or Environmental Position.
Classification based on position of organs or parts in their surrounding environment.
Anita Roth-Nebelsick et al. (2001): Evolution and Function of Leaf Venation Architecture: A Review. PDF file, Annals of Botany 87: 553-566. See also here.
D. Royer et al. (2010): Leaf economic traits from fossils support a weedy habit for early angiosperms. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 97: 438-445. See also here.
Dana L. Royer et al. (2009): Ecology of leaf teeth: A multi-site analysis from an Australian subtropical rainforest. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 96: 738–750.
Royer DL, Wilf P, Janesko DA, Kowalski EA, Dilcher DL. (in press): Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record. PDF file, Amer J Bot (in press).
Royer et al.: DIGITAL LEAF PHYSIOGNOMY: CALIBRATION OF A NEW METHOD FOR RECONSTRUCTING CLIMATE FROM FOSSIL PLANTS. Abstract, 2004 GSA Denver Annual Meeting.
H.L. Sanders and S.E. Wyatt (2009): Leaf Evolution and Development: Advancing Technologies, Advancing Understanding. PDF file, BioScience, 59: 17-26.
Robert A. Spicer, Earth Sciences Department, The Open University, Milton Keynes, U.K.: Recent developments and applications of CLAMP. Abstract, 13th Plant Taphonomy Meeting 2002, Bonn, Germany.
! Robert A. Spicer, Earth Sciences Department, The Open University, Milton Keynes, U.K. (The Warm Earth Environmental Systems Research Group): Plant Fossils as Climatic Indicators. Go to: Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Programe (CLAMP). An introduction to the use of leaf architecture for determining past climatic conditions. Go to: CLAMP Leaf Character State Definitions and Scoring, and Leaf Size Template.
Christopher Traiser, Tübingen University: Blattphysiognomie als Indikator für Umweltparameter: Eine Analyse rezenter und fossiler Floren (Thesis, PDF file, in German). This study investigates the relationship between physiognomic traits of leaves from European hardwood vegetation and environmental parameters in order to create a calibration dataset. The leaf data are obtained from synthetic chorologic floras, the environmental data comprise climatic and ecologic data.
Traiser, C, Klotz, S., Uhl, D., & Mosbrugger, V. (2005). Environmental signals from leaves - a physiognomic analysis of European vegetation. PDF file, New Phytologist, 166, 465 - 484.
! D. Uhl (2006): Fossil plants as palaeoenvironmental proxies - some remarks on selected approaches. PDF file, Acta Palaeobotanica, 46: 87-100.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Leaf.
P. Wilf (2008): Fossil angiosperm leaves: paleobotany´s difficult children prove themselves. PDF file, Paleontological Society Papers, 14: 319-333.
Peter Wilf: When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for Leaf Margin Analysis. PDF file, Paleobiology, 23(3), 1997, pp. 373–390.
Ian Wright and Mark Westoby, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia: ARC-NZ Research Network for Vegetation Function (supported by Australian Research Council and by Landcare New Zealand). The Network for Vegetation Function spans from functional genomics through ecophysiology and functional ecology to global change and evolutionary history. The Network pursues research by bringing people from different disciplines together in working groups. Go to: Working group 1. Leaves: size, shape, economics, palaeobiology and evolutionary radiations.
SanPing XIE et al. (2009):
Altitudinal
variation in Ginkgo leaf characters: Clues to paleoelevation reconstruction.
PDF file, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 52: 2040-2046.
"The results show that leaf area, petiole length, and stomatal parameters have no obvious
linear relationship with altitude (...). The results also suggest that the
differences in stomatal density and stomatal index between sun and shade leaves had more influence
on paleoelevation reconstruction than that in other parameters".
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