Home / Selected Geology / Sedimentology and Sedimentary Rocks

! About.com: About Sedimentary Rocks.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

J.P. Allen and R.A. Gastaldo (2006): Sedimentology and taphonomy of the Early to Middle Devonian plant-bearing beds of the Trout Valley Formation, Maine. PDF file, in: DiMichele, W.A., and Greb, S., eds., Wetlands Through Time: Geological Society of America, Special Publication 399: 57-78.
See also here.

American Geological Institute's: Earth Science Educational Resources. A link directory. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Go to:
Deltas and Flood plains. (Investigation 6 - Deltas and Flood plains).

S.G. Banham and N.P. Mountney (2014): Climatic versus halokinetic control on sedimentation in a dryland fluvial succession. Abstract, Sedimentology. See also here (in PDF).

S.G. Banham and N.P. Mountney (2013): Evolution of fluvial systems in salt-walled mini-basins: a review and new insights. Abstract, Sedimentary Geology. See also here (in PDF).

G. Barth et al. (2014): Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) brackish to freshwater habitats at a fluvial-dominated delta plain (Seinstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany). In PDF, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 94. See also here.

A. Baucon (2014): Network theory in ichnology: from behavioural topology to the depositional environment. In PDF, dissertation, University of Milano.

S. Boggs (2006): Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. 4th edition, in PDF.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

M.Y. Bradford and K.C. Benison (2024): Gypsum lakes, sandflats and soils revealed from the Triassic Red Peak Formation of the Chugwater Group, north-central Wyoming. Open access, Depositional Rec. 2024;00:1–19.
"... Fieldwork, petrography and X-ray diffraction reveal three distinct lithologies of bedded gypsum: bottom-growth gypsum, laminated gypsum and clastic gypsum
[...] this outcrop of the Red Peak Formation shows that it formed in shallow saline lakes and associated mudflats, sandflats and desert soils ..."

R. Brandner et al. (2016): Field trip 1: Pulses of Neotethys-Rifting in the Permomesozoic of the Dolomites In PDF, Geo.Alp, 13: 7-70.

D.R. Bridgland et al. (2014): Rivers through geological time: the fluvial contribution to understanding of our planet. Proceedings of the Geologists´ Association, 125: 503-510. See also here.

! The British Geological Survey (BGS): The BGS Rock Classification Scheme. These reports are released for download here in PDF format. Go to: C.R. Hallsworth & R.W. O'B Knox: Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 3 - Sedimentary (approx 460kb).

British Geological Survey: Definition and characteristics of very-fine grained sedimentary rocks. In PDF.

! D.R. Broussard et al. (2018): Depositional setting, taphonomy and geochronology of new fossil sites in the Catskill Formation (Upper Devonian) of north-central Pennsylvania, USA, including a new early tetrapod fossil. Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 511: 168-187. See also here (in PDF).
Note fig. 16: Schematic reconstruction of sandy fluvial subenvironments where diverse fossil remains accumulated.
Fig. 17: Depositional model for Catskill Formation strata.

BYU-Idaho, Department of Instruction & Technology Rexburg, ID: Flash Files. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Go to:
Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, and Clastic Rocks

C. Camporeale et al. (2013): Modeling the interactions between river morphodynamics and riparian vegetation. Reviews of Geophysics.

Rick Cheel, Brock University, Canada:
Introduction to clastic sedimentology. Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentations and PDF-files.
An introductory level course that focuses largely on process sedimentology.

P. Chen et al. (2023): Intensified lacustrine turbidite deposition as a response to the Carnian Pluvial Episode: Insights from the Triassic Ordos Basin in North China Plate. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 623.
See also here.

Stan Chernicoff & Ramesh Venkatakrishnan, Geologylink, Chapter 6: Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Philippe Claeys, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley: When the sky fell on our heads: Identification and interpretation of impact products in the sedimentary record. U.S. National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994, Rev. Geophys. Vol. 33 Suppl.; 1995. American Geophysical Union.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

F. Clark, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta:
Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks.
Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks.
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks.
Powerpoint presentations.

D. Corenblit et al. (2015): Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology. In PDF, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40. See also here.

Jeff Crabaugh (University of Wyoming), The Science Education Resource Center (SERC), Carleton College: Teaching Geoscience with Visualizations: Using Images, Animations, and Models Effectively, River Systems: Process and Form. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
This site provides access to a number of visualizations and supporting material that can be used effectively to teach students about physical processes acting in rivers and their floodplains. Visualizations include simple animations, visual output from numerical models, as well as numerous static illustrations and photos.
Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Jeff Crabaugh (University of Wyoming), The Science Education Resource Center (SERC), Carleton College: Teaching Geoscience with Visualizations: Using Images, Animations, and Models Effectively, Sedimentation Models. This site provides a diverse group of visualizations depicting sedimentation models. Visualizations range from photos and still image sequences to animations, and represent simple conceptual models, output from computer simulations, and physical experimental models.

N.R. Cúneo et al. (1993): The Glossopteris flora from Antarctica: taphonomy and paleoecology. In PDF, Comptes Rendus, 2: 13-40.

! N.S. Davies and M.R. Gibling (2013): The sedimentary record of Carboniferous rivers: Continuing influence of land plant evolution on alluvial processes and Palaeozoic ecosystems. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 120: 40–79. See also here.
Note figure 14: Large woody debris within Devonian and Carboniferous alluvium.

N.S. Davies and M.R. Gibling (2010): Cambrian to Devonian evolution of alluvial systems: The sedimentological impact of the earliest land plants. Abstract, Earth-Science Reviews, 98: 171-200.

Department of Geology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University Detroit, MI: Sediments & Sedimentary Rocks. Powerpoint presentation.

The Depositional Record.
This is a fully open access journal publishing high quality articles from across the field of sedimentology.

Olaf Otto Dillmann, Gelsenkirchen, Germany: GeoDienst, Sandsteinvorkommen in Deutschland, and Petrographie des Sandsteins. (in German).

! Jim Dockal, Department of Earth Sciences at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington: Sedimentary Petrology Laboratory Manual. Lecture notes. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
The primary objective in this course is to learn how to observe, describe, and interpret sedimentary rocks.

Becky Dorsey, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene: Web Resources for Sedimentary Geologists.

! R.F. Dubiel and S.T. Hasiotis (2011): Deposystems, paleosols, and climatic variability in a continental system: the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Colorado Plateau, USA. In PDF. From River To Rock Record: The Preservation Of Fluvial Sediments And Their Subsequent Interpretation. SEPM Special Publication No. 97.

P.R. Durkin et al. (2017): Evolution of fluvial meander-belt deposits and implications for the completeness of the stratigraphic record. In PDF, GSA Bulletin,130: 21-739.

EarthComm (developed by the American Geological Institute (AGI) and supported by the National Science Foundation and donors of the American Geological Institute Foundation). Actually a link directory. Go to: Bedrock Geology, and River Systems.

The Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program (ETE), Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
The Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Program investigates Earth´s land biotas throughout their 400 million year history. Their goal is to understand how terrestrial ecosystems have been structured and how they change over geologic time. Using the fossil record, ETE scientists study the characteristics of ecological communities and the changing dynamics of ecosystems. Go to:
ETE Relational Database and ETE DataNet.
The ETE relational database is now partially united with the Paleobiology Database Project´s (PBDB) relational database. All primary database functions (queries, entries and updates) are available through the PBDB home page. The new combined database compiles information from the terrestrial and marine record, but lacks some of the data fields present in the original ETE database.

Lynn S. Fichter, Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA: The Earth System Part One - The Geological Record. Lecture notes.
See especially:
A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification.
These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Provided by The Walter Geology Library, University of Texas, Austin: Robert L. Folk, The Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. This out-of-print classic is published on the Web (transformed in GIF) with the permission of the author. Navigate from the table of contents.

Fondriest.com (Fondriest Environmental, Inc., Fairborn, OH):
Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements, Sediment Transport and Deposition.

Mark Francek Carleton College (SERC) and Central Michigan University: Processes of River Erosion, Transport, and Deposition. Find animations showing processes of river erosion, transport and deposition.

Rockhounds, Online Museum Educators, The Franklin Institute Science Museum: Discover How Rocks Are Formed, How Sedimentary Rock Is Formed. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
This page provides a brief easy-to-understand introduction with an animation.

Deborah Freile, New Jersey City University, Jersey City, NJ:
Earth Science. Powerpoint Slides for Lecture. See for instance:
! Rivers and Groundwater.
! Sedimentary Rocks and Environments.
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

R.A. Gastaldo and T.M. Demko (2011): The relationship between continental landscape evolution and the plant-fossil record: long term hydrologic controls on preservation. In PDF, Taphonomy: 249-285.
See also here.

! R.A. Gastaldo et al. (1995): Taphonomic and sedimentologic characterization of roof-shale floras. In PDF, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 185: 341–352. See also here.

GeoDZ.com (in German):
Belastungsmarken.

GeologieInfo.de: Gesteinsklassifikation, Sedimentite (in German).

M.R. Gibling et al. (2023): Braided-river architecture of the Triassic Swartberg Member, Katberg Formation, South Africa: assessing age, fluvial style, and paleoclimate after the End-Permian Extinction. In PDF, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 93: 741–775. DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2023.018. See likewise here.
Note figure 14: Block diagrams to illustrate four major fluvial styles in the Swartberg member.

M.R. Gibling et al. (2014): Palaeozoic co-evolution of rivers and vegetation: a synthesis of current knowledge. In PDF, Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 125: 524–533. See also here.
Note fig. 2E: Log accumulation at base of braided-fluvial channel.
Note fig. 2F: Upright lycopsid tree, 1.5 m tall.

! M.R. Gibling et al. (2014): Palaeozoic co-evolution of rivers and vegetation: a synthesis of current knowledge. In PDF, Proceedings of the Geologists´ Association, 125: 524-533.

! M.R. Gibling and N.S. Davies (2012): Palaeozoic landscapes shaped by plant evolution. In PDF, Nature Geoscience, 5. See also here (abstract).

M.R. Gibling et al. (2010): Log Jams and Flood Sediment Buildup Caused Channel Abandonment and Avulsion in the Pennsylvanian of Atlantic Canada. In PDF,, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 80: 268-287.
See also here.
Note figure 9: Four stages in the filling, abandonment and reoccupation of channels.

Google Groups sci.geo.geology: shale/mudstone/claystone: what differences? See also:
Earth Science beta: What's the diference between claystone, silt, mud, mudstone, mudrock, clay, shale and siltstone?

! Pamela J. W. Gore, Department of Geology, Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston, GA: Historical Geology. Online laboratory manual. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Go to:
Sedimentary Rocks.

Pamela J. W. Gore, Department of Geology, Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston, GA: Historical Geology. Online laboratory manual. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Go to: Fossil Preservation Laboratory.

N. Griffis et al. (2023): The Far-Field imprint of the late Paleozoic Ice Age, its demise, and the onset of a dust-house climate across the Eastern Shelf of the Midland Basin, Texas. Free access, Gondwana Research, 115: 17-36.

A.M. Gurnell et al. (2016): A conceptual model of vegetation–hydrogeomorphology interactions within river corridors. In PDF, River Research and Applications, 32: 142–163. Special Issue: Hydrogeomorphology-Ecology Interactions in River Systems. See also here.

! A.M. Gurnell et al. (2012): Changing river channels: The roles of hydrological processes, plants and pioneer fluvial landforms in humid temperate, mixed load, gravel bed rivers. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 111: 129-141. See also here.
Note fig. 4: Pioneer island initiated around a deposited tree that regenerates and trapping additional fine sediment and plant propagules.

Peter K. Haff, Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina: The Introductory Geology WebPages, Slides. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. Click on the topic you wish to review. Thumbnails of geology slides will be displayed. If you wish to see an enlarged version, click on the thumbnail or on the text title. Go to: Textures and Structures of Sedimentary Rocks.

! Daniel Hauptvogel, Virginia Sisson et al. (2023), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Houston:
The Story of Earth: An Observational Guide 2e . Second edition (Pressbooks), Open access. You can download a printable PDF version.
Navigate from the content menue page. Note especially:
! Chapter 4: Sedimentary Structures.

Paul Heller, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie: Sediment Video Movies. Downloadable Quicktime movies about ripple migration, plane bed lamination, turbidity current, debris flow, bedload transport, experimental braided stream, experimental shoreline progradation, etc.

J. Hill and K. Davis, Geology Rocks: Introduction to Carbonates.
This expired link is now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

J. Hladil et al. (2010): Dust. A geology-orientated attempt to reappraise the natural components, amounts, inputs to sediment, and importance for correlation purposes. PDF file, Geologica Belgica, 13: 367-384.
See also here.

S.M. Holland (2023): The contrasting controls on the occurrence of fossils in marine and nonmarine systems. In Pdf, Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 62: 1-25. See also here.
Note figure 1: Schematic cross-section along a dip-line through a sedimentary basin, showing principal surfaces and systems tracts of a depositional sequence.
Figure 2: Characteristics of marine and inland systems tracts and their relationships to the ratio of accommodation and sediment flux.
"... knowing how the stratigraphic record is constructed is crucial not just for recognizing the limits of the fossil record, but also for knowing what can be gained from it. This is the domain of stratigraphic paleobiology ..."

! S.M. Holland (2016): The non-uniformity of fossil preservation. In PDF, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., B 371. See also here (abstract).

! Steven Holland, UGA Stratigraphy Lab:
An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
Note likewise An Online Guide to Sequence Stratigraphy.
Provided by the UGA Stratigraphy Lab.

Thomas R. Holtz, Department of Geology, University of Maryland: Historical Geology. The History of Earth and Life. Lecture notes. Go to: Terrestrial Sedimentary Environments, or Fluvial & Deltaic Environments; Walther´s Law.

Home Ground (by Trinity University Press): A searchable, definitive database of 850 American landscape term. Go to:
! All Definitions. Excellent!
See for example:
Alluvial Fan
Crevasse
Lacustrine Deposit
Overbank deposit.
Website outdated. These expired links are now available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Tim Horner, Geology Department, California State University, Sacramento:
! Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Course information, lecture notes, doc-files and Powerpoint presentations. Note for example:
Lecture 10: Evaporite deposition, phosphatic rocks, glauconite . Powerpoint presentation.

! A Ielpi et al. (2015): Impact of Vegetation On Early Pennsylvanian Fluvial Channels: Insight From the Joggins Formation of Atlantic Canada. In PDF, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 85: 999-1018.

International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS).
Founded to promote the study of Sedimentology.

The International Commission on Geoheritage (ICG) (a permanent commission of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)):
! The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites. In PDF, 153 pages. This collaborative achievement is authored by more than 350 experts from more than 40 countries. Breathtaking photographs! Superbly done! Don't miss:
Site 031: The Fossil Cliffs of Joggins (on page 94; PDF page 49).
Site 040: The Early Miocene Petrified Forest of Lesvos (on page 112; PDF page 58).

J&G Consultants, Heemstede, The Netherlands: The use of basic biostratigraphy in different sediment types.
Website outdated. The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

K. Jewula et al. (2019): The late Triassic development of playa, gilgai floodplain, and fluvial environments from Upper Silesia, southern Poland. In PDF, Sedimentary Geology, 379: 25–45. See also here.
Note fig. 9A: Schematic illustration of the gilgai palaeoenvironment at Krasiejów.

S.K. Johansen (2016): Sedimentology and facies distribution of the Upper Triassic De Geerdalen Formation in the Storfjorden area and Wilhelmøya, eastern Svalbard. In PDF, Dissertation, Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
See also here.

Engineering Geosciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur: Sedimentary Rocks. Powerpoint presentation.

! S.M. Kidwell et al. (1986): Conceptual framework for the analysis and classification of fossil concentrations. PDF file, Palaios, 1: 228-238.

! C. King (2022):
Exploring Geoscience across the globe. In PDF (42 MB), Excellent!
Provided by The International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO). Chapters that may be of interest:
Chapter 3.2 (starting on pdf-page 30): e.g. Relative dating, Absolute dating.
Chapter 4.1.2.2 (starting on pdf-page 56): e.g. Sedimentary processes.
Chapter 4.3 (starting on pdf-page 115): e.g. Atmospheric change.
Chapter 4.4.1 (starting on pdf-page 122): e.g. Evolution.

Reiner Kleinschrodt, Institute for Mineralogy and Geochemistry, University of Cologne, Germany: POLARISATIONSMIKROSKOPIE DER GESTEINE. Click the microscope icon. Images of thin sections, with annotations. See the microscopy of sedimentary rocks (in German).

! Lab. of Sedimentary System, Korea: Atlas of sedimentary rocks. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

R. Leinfelder: Freshwater limestones (1989-1996), with abstracts.

C. Leitner et al. (2023): Saltern, mudflat, and dry playa: playa basin types of a retreating epeiric sea (Keuper, Germany). Abstract, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 93: 840–856.
! Note figure 8: Idealized depositional cycles of the Grabfeld Formation.
"... playa basins can be different if they are fed by marine incursions, dominated by perennial lakes of brackish or fresh water
[...] The present study contributes to our understanding of these settings by reconstructing the evaporitic facies evolution in the German Keuper Basin after the retreat of an epeiric sea. The Middle to Late Triassic Grabfeld Formation (ca. 237–233 Ma) consists of weathered gypsum and dolomitic marl
[...] The study concludes that an evaporative environment of a coast (“coastal sabkha”) can never be undoubtedly distingushed from a playa basin in the sedimentary record ..."

Harold L. Levin, Washington University: The Earth Through Time, Seventh Edition (provided by Wiley, Higher Education). This textbook provides rich, authoritative coverage of the history of the Earth, offering the most comprehensive history in the discipline today. Some sample chapters: Chapter 2. Earth Materials: A Physical Geology Refresher, and Chapter 3. The Sedimentary Archives.

Sonjia Leyva, College of Natural & Social Sciences, Department of Geosciences and Environment, California State University, Los Angeles:
The Geophile Pages. These pages are designed to help everyone explore the wonders of geology and oceanography. Go to:
CSULA Beach Trip.
The field trip focus on the Palos Verdes Peninsula, to convey a basic introduction to the Geology of the Southern Calfornia area.

S. Lin et al. (2022): A millimeter-scale insight into formation mechanism of lacustrine black shale in tephra deposition background. Free access, Scientific Reports, 12.

Peter Lourie, Matrix Learning Inc.: RiverResource. At RiverResource you won't find the facts, but rather the connections to facts, books, and people studying rivers. Go To: River System (by Hamblin 1995). Major characteristics of a river system.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware. Free lecture notes, exams, and videos from MIT. No registration required. Go to:
David Mohrig: Sedimentary Geology. Selected lecture notes (PDF files). This course covers e.g. sediments in the rock cycle, sediment transport and deposition in modern sedimentary environments, stratigraphic relationships of sedimentary basins, evolution of sedimentary processes through geologic time, etc. Go to: Lecture notes. PDF files.

M. Mau et al. (2022): Late Triassic paleowinds from lacustrine wave ripple marks in the Fleming Fjord Group, central East Greenland. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 586. See also here.

David McConnell, Department of Geology, University of Akron: Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks. A series of lectures which describe the basic types of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, the control of grain size of clastic sediments, lithification, how chemical sedimentary rocks form, the temperature at which metamorphism occurs and the factors influencing it.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! Virginia T. McLemore: Sedimentology and Sedimentary Processes. Powerpoint presentation.
Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
See also here.

Phil McNamara, Waterfiltersfast.com: Erosion: Wind, Water, and Ice. Information in a nutshell and a useful link list.
This expired link is available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

S. McMahon et al. (2018): A Field Guide to Finding Fossils on Mars. Open access, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 123: 1012–1040.

! A.D. Miall (1985): Architectural-element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. In PDF, Earth-Science Reviews, 22: 261-308.
See also here.

! A.D. Miall (1977): Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. In PDF, Fluvial Sedimentology — Memoir 5: 597-604.
See also here.

! A.D. Miall (1977): A review of the braided-river depositional environment. Abstract, Earth-Science Reviews, 13: 1-62. See also here (in PDF).

Per Michaelsen (2002): Mass extinction of peat-forming plants and the effect on fluvial styles across the Permian-Triassic boundary, northern Bowen Basin, Australia. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 179: 173-188.
See likewise here. Models of fluvial styles in fig. 7 (on PDF page 10).

! G.V. Middleton et al. (eds.; 2003): Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. In PDF, Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series.
See likewise here.

Kamal Roslan Mohamed, Jabatan Geologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia:
Hydrology of freshwater lakes. Lecture notes, Powerpoint presentation.

J.W. Morse, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA: Formation and Diagenesis of Carbonate Sediments. (PDF file). Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. A sample chapter of Volume 7. Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks (Fred T. Mackenzie), Treatise on Geochemistry.

World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics, Boulder, National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC): Total Sediment Thickness of the World's Oceans & Marginal Seas. The data values are in meters and represent the depth to acoustic basement. The distribution of sediments in the oceans is controlled by five primary factors:
1. Age of the underlying crust
2. Tectonic history of the ocean crust
3. Structural trends in basement
4. Nature and location of sediment source, and
5. The nature of the sedimentary processes delivering sediments to depocenters.

Stephen A. Nelson, Tulane University (adapted to HTML by Earth Science Australia, with links to other Earth Science Australia resouurces): Free On-Line National Curriculum Science Syllabus Certificate Course "The Earth And Beyond". Go to: Sedimentary Rocks.

New Jersey City University: Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Facies. Powerpoint presentation.

G. Nichols Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Provided by Google books. See also here
(Wiley). See especially (PDF file, a companion CD-ROM with additional illustrative material):
! Introduction: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (PDF page 15).
! 2 Terrigenous Clastic Sediments: Gravel, Sand and Mud (PDF page 19).
! 3 Biogenic, Chemical and Volcanogenic Sediments (PDF page 42).

! N. Noffke et al. (2022): Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures (MISS). In PDF, Treatise Online, 162. Part B, Volume 2, Chapter 5. See also here.
Note figure 1: Biofilms in classic and modern sedimentology.
Figure 15: Various causes and types of microbially induced wrinkle structures.

! N. Noffke et al. (2001): Microbially induced sedimentary structures: A new category within the classification of primary sedimentary structures. PDF file. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

D.R. Oldroyd (ed.), 2002: The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century. In PDF, Geological Society Special Publication 192.
Table of contents on PDF page 6. See especially:
! PDF page 248, E. Seibold and I Seibold: Sedimentology: from single grains to recent and past environments: some trends in sedimentology in the twentieth century.

E. Ongley (1996): Sediment measurements. Pdf file. In: J. Bartram and R. Ballance (eds.): Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes (published on behalf of U.N. Environment Programme and the World Health Organization).

! C. Owen et al. (2021): Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation: Current understanding and future directions. Sedimentary Geology, 235: 133–140. See also here.

S.E. Peters and J.M. Husson (2018): We need a global comprehensive stratigraphic database: here's a start. In PDF, The Sedimentary Record.
See also here.
Note figure 5: Abundance of evaporite- and iron formation-bearing units.

P. David Polly, Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN:
Historical Geology. Life through time. Lecture notes. Topics are paleontology, geologic time, biological evolution, plate tectonics, ancient environments, and climate change, principles of interpreting earth history from geological data, etc. Go to:
Lecture 2: Rocks, the earth's historical record,
Lecture 6: Coming Down: Sedimentary Rocks and Depositional Environments,
Lecture 7: Lakes, Rivers, Wind and Ice: Deposition on Land ,
Lecture 8: Deltas, shores, and reefs: Deposition at Sea . Lecture slides (PDF files).
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

M. Pöppelreiter and T. Aigner (2003): Unconventional pattern of reservoir facies distribution in epeiric successions: Lessons from an outcrop analog (Lower Keuper, Germany). Abstract, AAPG Bulletin. See also here (in PDF).

L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens: An Atlas of Speleothem Microfabrics. Stalagmites, stalactites, and other mineral deposits known as speleothems contain chemical and mineralogical clues to past rainfall and temperatures.

M.M. Rahman et al. (2022): Virtual outcrop-based analysis of channel and crevasse splay sandstone body architecture in the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group, Yorkshire, NE England Journal of the Geological Society, 179.
See also here.

Hugh Rance, City University of New York: The Present is the Key to the Past.
An electronic, college level, introductory historical geology textbook. See likewise here.
Websites outdated. Links lead to versions archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Hugh Rance, City University of New York: The Present is the Key to the Past. An electronic, college level, introductory historical geology textbook. Go to: Minerals and Rocks, e.g. Minerals and mineraloids,
Chemical bonds,
Physical properties of common rock forming minerals,
Rocks (three types),
Classification of sedimentary rocks,
Define clast,
Distinguish detrital and chemical sediments, and
Lithification.

Robert M. Reed, Bureau of Economic Geology, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin: CL Web. Go to: Sandstones.

! Dave Rubin, Western Region Coastal & Marine Geology, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Menlo Park, CA: The USGS bedform sedimentology site. QuickTime and MPEG movies of bedforms and cross-bedding, and bedform simulation software. From this page you can access: Images of bedforms and crossbedding, and "How to identify low-dimensional deterministic systems (chaos) in time series or spatial patterns". Go to: Cross-Bedding, Bedforms, and Paleocurrents. Now provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

J.P. Saldanha et al. (2023): Deciphering the origin of dubiofossils from the Pennsylvanian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil. Free access, Biogeosciences, 20: 3943–3979.
Note figure 1: Representative cross-section of Earth’s crust showing the diversity of inhabited extreme environments, besides the common biosphere, and the contribution of abiotic and biotic minerals in the sedimentary cycle.
"... any geological object, whether abiotic or biotic, must be understood in terms of its formation and original conditions, as well as the subsequent processes that contribute to its maintenance, modification, or destruction ..."

Sandatlas (by Siim Sepp): Shale.

! D. Schnurrenberger et al. (2003): Classification of lacustrine sediments based on sedimentary components. In PDF, Journal of Paleolimnology.

ScienceDirect:
Event Stratigraphy.
ScienceDirect compiled this information on a topic-by-topic basis providing the reader both depth and breadth on a specific area of interest.

! A. Seilacher et al. (1985): Sedimentological, ecological and temporal patterns of fossil Lagerstätten. In PDF, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological sciences, 311: 5-23.
! See also here.

! SEPM STRATA Society for Sedimentary Geology.
STRATA, SEPM’s stratigraphy web site. This open access site is dedicated to helping people understand sedimentary geology, from the basics to the detailed. Go to:
! Stratigraphy lectures .
events in the stratigraphic record and their signature.

S.S.T. Simon et al. (2018): An exhumed fine-grained meandering channel in the lower Permian Clear Fork Formation, north-central Texas: Processes of mud accumulation and the role of vegetation in channel dynamics. In PDF, Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., Spec. Publ., 48: 149–172.
See also here.
"... weakly laminated mudstone with desiccation cracks contains leaves and seeds of Evolsonia texana, marattialean foliage and Taeniopteris sp., with root traces penetrating the leaves. ..."

S.S.T. Simon et al. (2016): An abandoned-channel fill with exquisitely preserved plants in redbeds of the Clear Fork Formation, Texas, USA: an Early Permian water-dependent habitat on the arid plains of Pangea. In PDF, J. Sed. Res., 86, 944–964. See also here.
Note fig. 11: Goethite petrification of cellular structure of plant remains.

! S. Simon (2016): Sedimentology of the Fluvial Systems of the Clear Fork Formation in North-Central Texas: Implications for Early Permian Paleoclimate and Plant Fossil Taphonomy. In PDF, Thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
See especially PDF page 185: "Taphonomy and Preservation of Plant Material".
Goethite petrification of cellular structure of plant remains on PDF page 188.

Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Tulsa, Oklahoma

G.S. Soreghan et al. (2023): Dust and loess as archives and agents of climate and climate change in the late Paleozoic Earth system. Free access.
From: Lucas, S. G., DiMichele, W. A., Opluštil, S. and Wang, X. (eds.), 2023: Ice Ages, Climate Dynamics and Biotic Events: the Late Pennsylvanian World. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 535: 195–223.
Note Figure 1: Pangaea configurations for the early Permian (c. 290 Ma).
Figure 4: Provenance and palaeogeography of western equatorial Pangaea.
"... Palaeo-loess and silty aeolian-marine strata are well recognized across the Carboniferous–Permian of equatorial Pangaea. Aeolian-transported dust and loess appear in the Late Devonian in the west, are common by the Late Carboniferous, and predominate across equatorial Pangaea by the Permian
[...] The late Paleozoic was Earth’s largest and most long-lived dust bowl ..."

South Carolina Geological Survey.
Education and Outreach. Downloadable Earth Science Education presentations, posters, and handouts. Go to:
Sedimentary Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Powerpoint presentation. Also available in PDF.

John Southard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware:
Sedimentary Geology. Lecture notes, in PDF. Aspects of modern sediments and ancient sedimentary rocks. Emphasis is on fundamental materials, features, and processes. Textures of siliciclastic sediments and sedimentary rocks: particle size, particle shape, and particle packing. Mechanics of sediment transport. Survey of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks: sandstones, conglomerates, and shales. Carbonate sediments and sedimentary rocks; cherts; evaporites. Siliciclastic and carbonate diagenesis.
See also here. Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware. Free lecture notes, exams, and videos from MIT. No registration required. Go to:
John Southard: Special Topics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences: The Environment of the Earth´s Surface. PDF files. The course combines aspects of geology, climatology, hydrology, and soil science to present a coherent introduction to the surface of the Earth. Go to: Rivers (PDF file), and Lakes (PDF file).

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware.
Free lecture notes, exams, and videos from MIT. No registration required. Go to:
John Southard: Special Topics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences: The Environment of the Earth´s Surface. PDF files.
The course combines aspects of geology, climatology, hydrology, and soil science to present a coherent introduction to the surface of the Earth.
Still available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

Spektrum.de (in German):
Lexikon der Geowissenschaften:
Belastungsmarken.

STRATA (provided by Society for Sedimentary Geology, SEPM).
SEPM’s stratigraphy open access web site is dedicated to helping people understand sedimentary geology, from the basics to the detailed. Superbly done! See especially:
Sediments & Rocks.
Depositional Analogues.
Paleontology.

Mike Strickler, GeoMania, Rogue Community College (Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene):
Brief introductions, Community College level:
Sedimentary Rock notes
Brief introductions, High School level:
Sedimentary Rock notes.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy:
Event Stratigraphy.

Roger J. Suthren, virtual-geology.info:
Focus on Sedimentary Environments. The study of depositional processes and environments at scales from the landscape to the microscope.

Roger Suthren, Department of Geology, Oxford Brookes University: Sedimentology. Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

A. Sutter: Sedimentology, Depositional Environments and Sequence Stratigraphy. See especially:
Depositional Environments.
Fluvial Environments.
Still available through the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

! S.C. Sweetman and A.N. Insole (2010): The plant debris beds of the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England: their genesis and palaeontological significance. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 292: 409-424.

B.L. Teece et al. (2020): Mars Rover Techniques and Lower/Middle Cambrian Microbialites from South Australia: Construction, Biofacies, and Biogeochemistry. In PDF, Astrobiology, 20: See also here.

K. Thomas et al. (2016): Formation of Kinneyia via shear-induced instabilities in microbial mats. In PDF, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A 371. See also here.
"Kinneyia are a class of microbially mediated sedimentary fossils. Characterized by clearly defined ripple structures, Kinneyia are generally found in areas that were formally littoral habitats and covered by microbial mats".

! S. Trümper et al. (2020): Late Palaeozoic red beds elucidate fluvial architectures preserving large woody debris in the seasonal tropics of central Pangaea. In PDF, Sedimentology.

M.E. Tucker (2011): Sedimentary rocks in the field. Fourth edition: The Geological Field Guide Series, 234 pp. Chichester: Wiley. Note the available chapter: Sedimentary Rock Texture. See also here (Google books),
and ! there (Third edition, in PDF).

! Maurice E. Tucker (2001): Sedimentary Petrology. 262 pages. Provided by Blackwell Publishing through the Google Books Partner Program. Registration procedure required. Use "More results from this book" or "Search this book" to navigate. Unfortunately, you can view two pages around your search result, but you can search again! Use Google Book Search to search the full text of books.

UniServity, UK: Oxbow Lake Formation. This Flash slide show renders a detailed five step analysis of oxbow lake formation. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

University of South Carolina Sequence Stratigraphy Web: Diagrams that track Carbonate Diagenesis. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. A directory of diagrams and photomicrographs that track the various settings of carbonate diagenesis. Most of these diagrams and photographs were created by Christopher Kendall.

Geological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver: Clastic Depositional Environments. This web site is based on a core display of real rocks.

! A.J. van Loon (2009): Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclastic sediments: an overview. I)n PDF, Geologos, 15: 3–55.
See also here.
"... various deformational processes, which are subdivided here into (1) endogenic processes resulting in endoturbations; (2) gravity-dominated processes resulting in graviturbations, which can be subdivided further into (2a) astroturbations, (2b) praecipiturbations, (2c) instabiloturbations, (2d) compagoturbations and (2e) inclinaturbations; and (3) exogenic processes resulting in exoturbations, which can be further subdivided into (3a) bioturbations – with subcategories (3a’) phytoturbations, (3a’’) zooturbations and (3a’’’) anthropoturbations – (3b) glaciturbations, (3c) thermoturbations, (3d) hydroturbations, (3e) chemoturbations, and (3f) eoloturbations. ..."

David Völker and Dorothee Mertmann, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin: Chemische Sedimente. A tutorial, in German.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Steve Wagner (paleontological volunteer at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science): Paleocurrents.com: Mainly nice photo galleries of fossil plants. Go to: Castle Rock Fossil Rainforest. Please take notice: THE MEANDERING RIVER.

O.J.W. Wakefield et al. (2015): Architectural analysis of a Triassic fluvial system: The Sherwood Sandstone of the East Midlands Shelf, UK. Abstract, Sedimentary Geology, 327: 1–13. See also here (in PDF).

M. Warnecke et al. (2019): Asymmetry of an epicontinental basin—facies, cycles, tectonics and hydrodynamics: The Triassic Upper Muschelkalk, South Germanic Basin. In PDF, The Depositional Record.

! John K. Warren (2006): Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons. In PDF, 1035 pages, (Springer).
See also here (Google books) and there. Worth checking out:
! Chapter 3. Sabkhas, saline mudflats and pans.
! Chapter 4. Subaqueous salts: salinas and perrenial lakes.
! Chapter 5. Ancient basins and stratigraphic evolution.
Excellent!

Ian West, Geology Department, Southampton University: Sedimentology. Annotated index, excellent! Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.

Ian West, Geology Department, Southampton University, UK: Sedimentology, General. Snapshot taken by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. See also: Sedimentary Structures - Illustrations for Students.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Open Courseware. Free lecture notes, exams, and videos from MIT. No registration required. Go to:
Kelin Whipple and Ben Crosby: Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution. Provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine. The course (PDF files) offers an introduction to quantitative analysis of geomorphic processes, and examines the interaction of climate, tectonics, and surface processes in the sculpting of Earth´s surface.

! Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection: High School Earth Science.
Contributed by John Benner et al. Worth checking out:
Erosion and Deposition.

! Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection: High School Earth Science.
Contributed by John Benner et al. Worth checking out:
Evidence About Earth´s Past.
Earth´s History.
Ecosystems and Human Populations.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Sedimentology.
Deposition.
Sedimentary rock.
Limestone.
Dolostone.
Sandstone.
Shale.
Mudstone.
Claystone.
Fissility.
Chert.
Evaporite.
Coal.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Category:Sedimentology.
Tempestite.
Kategorie:Klastisches Sedimentgestein (in German).
Tempestit (in German).

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Eventstratigraphie (in German).

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Category:Sedimentary structures
Load cast.
Sole markings.
Syneresis crack.
Kategorie:Sedimentation (in German).
Belastungsmarke (in German).

E. Wohl (2021): An integrative conceptualization of floodplain storage. Free access, Reviews of Geophysics, 59: e2020RG000724. https://doi. org/10.1029/2020RG000724
Note figure 1: Schematic illustration of floodplain storage timespans.
Figure 2: Geomorphic-unit spatial heterogeneity of topography and substrate within a floodplain reach.