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Anonymous Website Owner: The Virtual Petrified Forest. Go to: Environment of Petrified Forest National Park, The Process of Petrification.
! Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona (U.S. Department of the Interior). Go to: Fossils. Plant and animal fossils representing the Late Triassic. See also: W.G. Parker and Sid Ash: Linnaean taxonomy of Late Triassic Plants of Petrified Forest National Park, and Late Triassic Pollen found in Petrified Forest National Park. By W.G. Parker, data compiled from Dunay and Fisher (1984), Litwin (1986), and Litwin et al., (1991).
Henry L. Barwood, Troy University, Alabama: Mineralogy and Origin of Coal Balls.
The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley: Localities of the Devonian: Rhynie Chert, Scotland. Section through a fossilized stem of Aglaophyton major.
Mariana Brea et al. (2009): Darwin forest at agua de la zorra: the first in situ forest discovered in South America by Darwin in 1835. Abstract (free PDF file also available), Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64: 21-31.
Reiner Burger, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: Holzversteinerungen. Unter dem Pflaster der Wald. Ramified Calamites axes from Chemnitz (in German).
The Petrified Forest, Calistoga, California.
David Cantrill, Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Mesozoic history of Antarctic terrestrial vegetation, and Petrified peats of Antarctica. Research projects.
! Museum of Natural History Chemnitz, Germany. Go to: Paläontologische Sammlung. Palaeobotany and petrified wood collection (in German).
Don Chesnut, Geology Department, University of Kentucky: Geology and fossils in Kentucky and adjacent states. Scroll to: "Upper Path Fork coal balls, 1980". Worth checking out: Cordaite with growth rings (peel made by Tom Phillips).
Fred Clouter, Lower Eocene Fossils of the Isle of Sheppey: Fossil Trees & Logs. Teredo borings.
Harold G. Coffin, Geoscience Research Institute, Loma Linda, CA (This institute serves the Seventh-day Adventist church): THE YELLOWSTONE PETRIFIED "FORESTS". All about the petrified forests of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana.
Stadtmuseum im Spital, Crailsheim, Germany: Exhibition about petrified Triassic wood: "Aus Holz wird Stein Kieselhölzer aus dem Keuper Frankens" June 28 - September 20, 2009. (In German). See also here (Amazon book announcement), and there (book announcement, in German).
John D. Curtis, Biology Department, University of Wisconsin; Nels R. Lersten, Department of Botany, Iowa State University, and Michael D. Nowak, Biology Department, University of Wisconsin: Photographic Atlas of Plant Anatomy. Go to: Curtis, Lersten, and Nowak 2002, Petrified Wood.
Richard Dayvault, Heldref Publications, Gale Group (hosted by FINDarticles.COM): "RED WOOD". From the Yellow Cat Area of Grand County, Utah. References on page 10. From Rocks & Minerals, 11 pages, July 01 2000.
Anne-Laure Decombeix, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud, Nick Rowe & Jean Galtier: Diversity of large woody lignophytes preceding the extinction of Archaeopteris: new data from the middle Tournaisian of Thuringia (Germany). PDF file.
Dagmar Dietrich et al. (2000): Analytical X-Ray Microscopy on Psaronius sp.: A Contribution to Permineralization Process Studies. Abstract, Mikrochim. Acta, 133: 279-283.
Thomas A. Dillhoff, Pasco, Washington (article hosted by Evolving Earth Foundation Issaquah, WA). Fossil Forests of Eastern Washington.
EurekAlert: Want to petrify wood without waiting a few million years? Try this. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory scientists can mineralize wood in record time. Wood that was artificially petrified in days.
Greb, S.F., Eble, C.F., Chesnut, D.R., Jr., Phillips, T.L., and Hower, J.C.: An in situ occurrence of coal balls in the Amburgy coal bed, Pikeville Formation (Duckmantian), Central Appalachian Basin, U.S.A. Palaios, v. 14, p. 433-451; 1999. See also here (via wayback).
Michael J. Everhart, Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University: OCEANS OF KANSAS - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (Indiana University Press, 2005), Shipworm borings (teredo) in wood.
Giraud Foster & Norman Barker, Ancient Microworld: Photo Gallery. Some petrified plants. Click on an image to view an enlarged version. See also: Photography Techniques.
J.E. Francis, Earth Sciences, University of Leeds: Fossil Trees in the Basal Purbeck Formation on Portland - The Great Dirt Bed Forest.
The Gem Shop, Inc., Cedarburg, WI: Petrified Wood and others. Go to: Eden Valley petrified wood.
!
C. Géza et al. 2009):
A possible Late Miocene fossil
forest PaleoPark in Hungary. Tree stumps in situ! PDF file, from:
Jere H. Lipps and Bruno R.C. Granier (eds.) 2009, (e-book,
hosted by Carnets):
PaleoParks - The
protection and conservation of fossil sites worldwide.
Also available from
here.
David R. Greenwood, Zoology Dept., Brandon University, Manitoba, Canada: Mummified tree stumps on Axel Heiberg Island, Canada (PDF file).
Stephen Jay Gould (findarticles): The sharp-eyed lynx, outfoxed by nature. (Part 2) (observations of fossil wood by Francesco Stelluti). Natural History, June, 1998.
Calvin & Rosanna Hamilton, ScienceViews.com: Petrified Wood Colors and Petrification
Andrew B. Heckert, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and Spencer G. Lucas, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque: Stratigraphic Distribution and Age of Petrified Wood in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
Andrew B. Heckert, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and Spencer G. Lucas, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque: The Oldest Triassic Strata Exposed in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.
Paul V. Heinrich, Louisiana Fossil Page: Common Animal and Plant Fossils of Louisiana, Louisiana Petrified Wood, and Petrified Palm Wood.
Hernandez-Castillo G.R., R.A. Stockey, and G.W. Rothwell (2006): Anemia quatsionense sp. nov. (Schizaeaceae), a permineralized fern from the lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island. PDF file, International Journal of Plant Sciences 167: 665-674.
Marguerite Holloway, Scientific American May 2002 issue: Trees of the Triassic. In the Painted Desert of Arizona, a story of how forests turned to stone and how the stones are walking away.
Houston Gem and Mineral Society: Petrified Wood Articles by HGMS Authors and Others.
August Ilg, Alfred Selmeier and Madelaine Böhme: The fossil wood database (FWDS). Fossil wood from Central Europe, Triassic to the Pleistocene. Specimen chiefly from the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie München, the Naturmuseum Augsburg and the private collection P. Holleis.
The International Golden Fossil Tree Society (?): BOSQUE PETRIFICADO DE SARMIENTO(Argentina)Patagonia (in Spanish).
Jura-Museum Eichstätt (Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie München), Germany: Steinerne Pflanzenstrukturen. Some images of permineralized Plants, e.g. the strobili of Araucaria mirabilis (in German).
K.-P. Kelber, Würzburg (2007): Die Erhaltung und paläobiologische Bedeutung der fossilen Hölzer aus dem süddeutschen Keuper (Trias, Ladinium bis Rhätium).- In German. PDF file, 33 MB! pp. 37-100; In: Schüßler, H. & Simon, T. (eds.): Aus Holz wird Stein. Kieselhölzer aus dem Keuper Frankens.
! Hans Kerp, Palaeobotanical Research Group, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster. Click: "Rhynie Chert" (The Rhynie Chert and its Flora). A depiction of the silica permineralized fossil flora of Rhynie (Scotland), a 400 Million year old flora, which contains a wide diversity of taxa varying from unicellular fungi to the earliest anatomically preserved higher land plants and animal remains. Breathtaking thin section micro-photographs, e.g. in " V. The alternation of generations in early land plants": The male gametophyte with antheridia, the release of sperm from antheridium, etc. Including "The life cycle of Aglaophyton - Lyonophyton", modified after Taylor, Kerp & Hass, 2005, PNAS, v. 102, p. 5892-5897.
Kuczumow et al. 2001: Structural investigations of a series of petrified woods of different origin. Abstract, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Volume 56, Number 4, 30 April 2001, pp. 339-350.
Kuczumow et al. 2000: Investigation of petrified wood by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and diffraction methods. Abstract, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Volume 55, Number 10, 2 October 2000, pp. 1623-1633. See also here (PDF file).
Rolf Ludvigsen & Brian Chatterton, Natural Resources Canada: Past lives: Chronicles of Canadian paleontology. Accounts, stories and anecdotes about the people who collected or studied specific Canadian fossils. Go to: Gunflint Chert, and Pethei stromatolites.
C.L. May and R.E. Gresswell (2003): Processes and rates of sediment and wood accumulation in the headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(4): 409-424. See also here (PDF file).
Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud & Thomas N. Taylor (1992). Permineralized Conifer Axes from the Triassic of Antarctica. PDF file.
National Computational Science Education Consortium (NCSEC): Module The Petrification Process of Wood. This website (NCSEC served as a national educational computational science clearinghouse) offers math and science teachers an array of online educational tools. Some parts a bit confusing. Go to: How Does Wood Petrify?
Parques Nacionales de La República Argentina: MONUMENTO NATURAL BOSQUES PETRIFICADOS (in Spanish).
McManus, Hilary A., Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, and James W. Collinson: PETRIFIED GLOSSOPTERIS FROM COLLINSON RIDGE, SHACKLETON GLACIER AREA, ANTARCTICA. Abstract, XVI International Botanical Congress.
Steven R. Manchester, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainsville: PETRIFIED WOODS IN FLORIDA. This article was a contribution to Papers In Florida Paleontology, No. 8, November 1996, published by the Florida Paleontological Society.
Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Sigri, Lesvos Island, Greece.
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Plant Systematics Collection. This web site provides structured access to a teaching collection of plant images representing over 250 families and 1000 genera of vascular plants. Go to: Phylum Sphenophyta (Horse Tails).
Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, MODES OF PRESERVATION. Link list page with picture rankings. The links give the most direct connections to pictures available on the web.
G.E. Mustoe (2001): Washington´s Fossil Forests. Washington Geology, 29: 10-20. Further paleontological articles from Washington Geology Magazine here.
Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1860. By Karl Cäsar von Leonhard, Heinrich Georg Bronn (E. Schweizerbart's Verlagshandlung), digitized by Google Book Search. Go to: K. Fr. W Braun: Über das Bayreuther versteinte Holz.
Sandra Niemirowska, Poland: Petrified wood. Don´t miss the tutorial: "Petrified wood investigation".
Geobiology, Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University: Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils,
K.P. Pigg and S. McLoughlin: Anatomically preserved Glossopteris leaves from the Bowen and Sydney Basins, Australia. PDF file, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 97: 339-359; 1997.
Lisa M. Pinsker, Geotimes June 2003: European Geoconservation. Now 12 parks strong, the European Geoparks Network spans Ireland, France, Spain, Italy, Greece and Germany, with scenes ranging from petrified forest to coastal cliff.
Etiene F. Pires & Margot Guerra-Sommer (Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil): Sommerxylon spiralosus from Upper Triassic in southernmost Paraná Basin (Brazil): a new taxon with taxacean affinity. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. vol.76 no.3 Rio de Janeiro; 2004. Download this article (PDF file).
Imogen Poole, Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Utrecht University: TAPHONOMY & PRESERVATION OF WOOD. Research projects.
Wolgang Putz, Austria: Petrified Wood. A nice collector's website, showing the variety of petrified wood (in German).
L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens: An Atlas of Speleothem Microfabrics. Stalagmites, stalactites, and other mineral deposits known as speleothems contain chemical and mineralogical clues to past rainfall and temperatures. Go to: plant matter in a stalagmite. See also here, and SEM image of plant tissue (xylem) amidst calcite in a stalagmite.
Robert Randell, British Chalk Fossils: Driftwood with Teredo borings.
Authored by the The Rhynie Chert Research Group, University of Aberdeen, with contributions and support by the Palaeobotanical Research Group, University of Münster, Germany, the Centre for Palynology, University of Sheffield, The Natural History Museum, London, and The Royal Museum, National Museums of Scotland: The Biota of Early Terrestrial Ecosystems, The Rhynie Chert. A resource site for students and teachers covering many aspects of the present knowledge of this unique geological deposit (including a glossary and bibliography pages). Go to: Taphonomy of the Rhynie Chert, and Silicification and the Conversion of Sinter to Chert.
Ronny Rößler, Museum of Natural History, Chemnitz: Der versteinerte Wald von Chemnitz. (Book announcement (in German).
Ronny Rößler, Museum für Naturkunde Chemnitz (website hosted by Paläontologische Gesellschaft): Versteinerte Wälder im Perm der Nord- und Südhalbkugel. Taphonomie, Fossilführung, Paläoökologie (in German).
Ronny Rößler, Museum of Natural History, Chemnitz (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.): Das Perm - Farnwälder, Glutwolken und Salzwüsten. In German. Full article available here (PDF file).
Ronny Rößler, Museum of Natural History, Chemnitz (website hosted by Paläontologische Gesellschaft): Paläontologische Forschung, Einzigartig und dennoch ausgestorben - Die Schachtelhalm-Giganten des Perms (in German).
Gar W. Rothwell, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Ohio University, Athens: Cutting a Coal Ball and Coal Ball Peel Technique. Part of the Paleobotany course.
Gar W. Rothwell, Edith L. Taylor and Thomas N. Taylor: Ashicaulis woolfei n. sp.: additional evidence for the antiquity of osmundaceous ferns from the Triassic of Antarctica. Abstract, American Journal of Botany. 2002; 89: 352-361.
Patricia E. Ryberg et al. (2008): Development and ecological implications of dormant buds in the high-Paleolaltitude Triassic sphenophyte Spaciinodum (Equisetaceae). PDF file, Am. J. Bot., 95: 1443-1453. See also here.
! R.A. Savidge (2007): Wood anatomy of Late Triassic trees in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, in relation to Araucarioxylon arizonicum Knowlton, 1889. PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, Vol. 82: 301-328.
! A.C. Scott (1990): 3.10 Anatomical Preservation of Fossil Plants. PDF file, scroll to page 263! Article in: Derek Briggs and Peter Crowther (eds.): Paleobiology: A Synthesis. Navigate from the contents file (PDF).
! Andrew C. Scott and Margaret E. Collinson (2003): Non-destructive multiple approaches to interpret the preservation of plant fossils: implications for calcium-rich permineralisations. PDF file, Journal of the Geological Society, 160: 857-862. See also here.
Peter von Sengbusch, Institute of Botany, University of Hamburg: Petrified wood from Bayuda (Sudan) and from Namibia. Part of "Botanik online" Go to Leitgewebe (in German).
Margot Guerra Sommer and Claiton M. S. Scherer, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazilian Commission of Geological and Paleobiological Sites): Sítios Paleobotânicos do Arenito Mata nos Municípios de Mata e São Pedro do Sul, RS (in Portuguese). A Brazilian deposit of fossil silicified wood.
!
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands:
Hans´ Paleobotany Pages.
Plant life from the Silurian to the Cretaceous. Go to:
Prototaxites,
Wood of the horsetail tree Calamites,
The tree fern Psaronius,
The tree fernTempskya
The gymnospermous tree Cordaites,
Fossil gymnosperm wood, and
Fossil palm wood or Palmoxylon.
Ed Strauss: Petrified Wood From Western Washington. Go to: Table of Genera. Microscopic images of Acer momijiyamense, Alnus latissima, Carpinus absarokensis, Cercidiphyllum, Cornoxylon, Diospyroxylon, Fagoxylon, Quercinium lamarense, Licquidambaroxylon weylandi, Carya tertiara, Pterocarya rhoifilia, Laurinoxylon, Robinioxylon, Magnolia, Lirodendroxylon.
! Ed Strauss: Petrified Wood From Western Washington. What are the limits of identifying with low (10X) magnification?
! Ed Strauss, Washington (article hosted by Evolving Earth Foundation Issaquah, WA). The Evolving Earth Foundation is committed to encouraging research and building community related to the earth sciences. How to Identify Fossil (Petrified) Wood. See also: How to Identify Conifers. Conifer micro photographs.
H. Süss et al. (2009): Drei neue fossile Hölzer der Morphogattung Primoginkgoxylon gen. nov. aus der Trias von Kenia. PDF file (in German), Feddes Repertorium, 120: 273 - 292. See also here (Abstract).
Erika Tallman (ed.), NSU Enviromental Education: The Natural Source, An Educator's Guide to South Dakota's Natural Resources, PETRIFIED WOOD OF SOUTH DAKOTA. Easy to understand introduction.
Treasures of the Earth, Ltd., Hollsopple, PA., U.S.A.: Petrified Wood. Images of petrified wood slabs, chiefly from the Chinle Formation, Utah, USA.
Nigel H. Trewin, Stephen R. Fayers & Lyall I. Anderson, University of Aberdeen: The Biota of Early Terrestrial Ecosystems: The Rhynie Chert. The "Learning Resource" (updated 08/09/04) is primarily a resource site for students and teachers covering many aspects of the present knowledge of the unique Rhynie Chert deposit and its scientific significance (including a glossary and bibliography pages). The "Suggestions For Tutors" provides guidance for teachers (password protected). This part is primarily aimed at a university Honours degree level. The content is primarily of value in geology teaching, but has relevance to botany, zoology, ecology and history of science.
UntraveledRoad, Paris, ID: Petrified Forest National Park Information Center. The Photographic Virtual Tour Website. Go to: Triassic Landscape.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): U.S. Geological Survey Photographic Archive. This on-line system provides access to over 19,000 photographs and original sketches, dating from 1868 to the present. Go to: NATIONAL PARKS-MONUMENTS-SEASHORE. Choose: "Petrified National Park".
E. Velitzelos, Section of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Department of Geology, University of Athens, and N. Zouros, Natural History Museum of Lesvos' Petrified Forest, Lesvos Island: The Petrified forest of Lesvos - Protected Natural Monument.
! The Virtual Petrified Forest. Go to: The Process of Petrification.
!
Wang Xiaofeng et al. (2009):
The Triassic Guanling fossil Group - A key GeoPark from
Barren Mountain, Guizhou Province, China.
A colony of Traumatocrinus sp. attached by root cirri to an agatized piece of
driftwood!
PDF file, from:
Jere H. Lipps and Bruno R.C. Granier (eds.) 2009, (e-book,
hosted by Carnets):
PaleoParks - The
protection and conservation of fossil sites worldwide.
Also available from
here.
WAYNE'S WORD, Escondido, CA (A nonprofit quarterly journal published by WOLFFIA INC.): Fossils Of Ancient Plants. This websites are dedicated to little-known facts and trivia about natural history subjects.
Michael Wegner, Köln, Germany: Versteinertes Holz.de (in German).
Ian West, Southampton Oceanography Centre, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton University: The Fossil Forest, west of Lulworth Cove, Dorset, southern England. This is a classic geological locality with the remains and moulds of late Jurassic or early Cretaceous coniferous trees rooted in a palaeosol (ancient soil), the Great Dirt Bed. Above the trees is stromatolitic limestone and over this the unusual Broken Beds, a limestone breccia that was originally evaporitic. Let´s have a look at the Purbeck Trees.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Petrified Forest National Park.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Rhynie chert.
! www.kieseltorf.de.
Permineralized plant fossils from Germany (in German).
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