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Plant Fossil Preservation and Plant Taphonomy
Stephen T. Abedon, Microbiology, Ohio State University, Mansfield: Supplemental Lecture. Fossilization, palaeontology, biases in the fossil record etc. in brief.
J.P. Allen, and R.A. Gastaldo (2006): Sedimentology and taphonomy of the Early to Middle Devonian plant-bearing beds of the Trout Valley Formation, Maine. PDF file, In: DiMichele, W.A., and Greb, S. (eds.): Wetlands Through Time: Geological Society of America, Special Publication 399: 57-78.
Nan Crystal Arens, C. Strömberg and A. Thompson, Department of Integrative Biology, and Paleobotany Section, Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Virtual Paleobotany, Laboratory III, Plant Fossils and Their Preservation. Don´t miss the Virtual Gallery.
Anne-Marie Aucour et al. (2009): Insights into preservation of fossil plant cuticles using thermally assisted hydrolysis methylation. PDF file, Organic Geochemistry, 40: 784-794.
A.R. Bashforth et al. (2010): Vegetation heterogeneity on a Late Pennsylvanian braided-river plain draining the Variscan Mountains, La Magdalena Coalfield, northwestern Spain. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
Anna K. Behrensmeyer (1992; Google books): Terrestrial ecosystems through time. Read "Taphonomy", page 4.
Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Susan M. Kidwell and Robert A. Gastaldo (2000): Taphonomy and Paleobiology. Abstract, Paleobiology, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 103-147.
Sylvain Bernard et al. (2007): Exceptional preservation of fossil plant spores in high-pressure metamorphic rocks PDF file, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 262: 257-272.
! R.T. Bolzon et al. (2004):
Fossildiagênese
de lenhos do Mesozóico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. PDF file,
in Portuguese. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 7: 103-110.
About wood fossil diagenesis, e.g.
the preservation of the cells of fossil wood, the form of wood mineralization, especially the
silicification of wood.
Lisa D. Boucher: ANALYZING TAPHONOMIC VARIATION IN LEAF COMPRESSIONS FROM CRETACEOUS FLOODPLAIN SUBENVIRONMENTS. Abstract, NAPC, June 26 - July 1 2001 Berkeley.
MSc Palaeobiology Students, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, (the author´s name appears on the title page for each section): Fossil Lagerstätten. A catalogue of sites of exceptional fossil preservation. Go to: Fauna and Flora (e.g. a Cheiroledpidiaceous conifer); Mazon Creek, Fauna and Flora (Lepidodendron, Lepidostrobophyllum, Lepidophyllum, Calamites, Asterophyllites equisetiformis, Spenophyllum, Equisetites, Pecopteris, Asterotheca, Alethopteris, Diplothmema).
D.E.G. Briggs (1999): Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles: selective preservation and diagenesis. PDF file, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 354: 7-17. See also here.
! Derek Briggs and Peter Crowther (eds.), Earth Pages, Blackwell Publishing: Paleobiology: A Synthesis (PDF files). Series of concise articles from over 150 leading authorities from around the world. Navigate from the content file. Excellent! Go to: Taphonomy.
! Stephen P. Broker, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: The Evolution of Plants. The evolution of plants is briefly treated primarily in terms of a consideration of the concepts of time and change. Go to: IV. Paleobotanical Evidence. The Formation of Fossils.
R.J. Burnham et al. (1992): The reflection of deciduous forest communities in leaf litter: implications for autochthonous litter assemblages from the fossil record. PDF file, Paleobiology.
Claudia Capos, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan: Plant decay findings inform response to climate change.
A. Channing and D.E. Wujek (2010): Preservation of protists within decaying plants from geothermally influenced wetlands of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States. PDF file, Palaios, 25: 347-355.
! A. Channing and D. Edwards (2004): Experimental taphonomy: silicification of plants in Yellowstone hot-spring environments. In PDF, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 94, 503-521.
Citizendium. This is an open wiki project. Go to: Fossilization.
C.J. Cleal and C.H. Shute (2007): The effect of drying on epidermal cell parameters preserved on plant cuticles. PDF file, Acta Palaeobotanica, 47: 315-326.
! C.J. Cleal and B.A. Thomas (1995): Palaeozoic Palaeobotany of Great Britain, Introduction. PDF file, (hosted by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee). Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 9. See PDF page 8, "Fossilization processes", especially figure 1.3 and 1.4.
C.J. Cleal & B.A. Thomas, Geological Conservation Review Series (GCR), Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). The JNCC is the UK government's wildlife adviser, undertaking national and international conservation work on behalf of the three country nature conservation agencies English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Countryside Council for Wales. Go to: Introduction to the Mesozoic and Tertiary palaeobotany of Great Britain. PDF file.
Margaret E. Collinson (2011): Molecular Taphonomy of Plant Organic Skeletons. Abstract, Aims & Scope Topics in Geobiology Book Series, 32: 223-247.
W.K. Cornwell et al. (2009): Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed? PDF file, Global Change Biology, 15: 2431-2449.
Richard Cowen, Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, CA: History of Life, Third Edition. Go to: Preservation and Bias in the Fossil Record.
Géza Császár et al. (2009): A possible Late Miocene fossil forest PaleoPark in Hungary. PDF file, Carnets de Géologie / Notebooks on Geology, Brest, Book 2009/03, Chapter 11. Lignified tree trunks in situ, partially covered by a fine-grained pyritic sandstone crust.
J.A. D´Angelo et al. (2012): Compression map, functional groups and fossilization: A chemometric approach (Pennsylvanian neuropteroid foliage, Canada). Abstract, International Journal of Coal Geology.
J.A. D´Angelo et al. (2011): Chemometric analysis of functional groups in fossil remains of the Dicroidium flora (Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentina): Implications for kerogen formation. In PDF.
Ben Dattilo, Geosciences, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah:
Dinosaurs and The Fossil Record.
The fossil record from the oldest fossils found on earth to the present day. Go to:
Web Syllabus
with Links to Class Notes, and
Fossilization (Basic
Taphonomy).
Yannicke Dauphin, Micropaléontologie, Université Paris: "Biomineralization and Biologicalcalcifications": Taphonomy and Diagenesis NEWS.
John Dawson, Forest Vines to Snow Tussocks: The Story of New Zealand Plants (Part of New Zealand Texts Collection): How do plants become fossils?
! David L. Dilcher et al. (2009): A climatic and taxonomic comparison between leaf litter and standing vegetation from a Florida swamp woodland. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 96: 1108-1115. here (abstract).
W.A. DiMichele and H.J. Falcon-Lang (2011): Pennsylvanian "fossil forests" in growth position (T0 assemblages): origin, taphonomic bias and palaeoecological insights. PDF file, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 168: 585-605.
C. Diéguez et al. (2009):
A
fern-bennettitalean floral assemblage in Tithonian-Berriasian travertine deposits
(Aguilar Formation, Burgos-Palencia, N Spain) and its palaeoclimatic and vegetational
implications. In PDF, Journal of Iberian Geology, 35: 127-140.
Specimens preserved as impressions coated with a
microbial film up to 5 mm thick made up of bacteria and cyanobacteria.
Jim Dockal, Department of Earth Sciences at the University of North Carolina, Wilmington: Sedimentary Petrology Laboratory Manual. Lecture notes. The primary objective in this course is to learn how to observe, describe, and interpret sedimentary rocks. Go to: Fossils, Fossilization and Taphonomy.
S.G. Driese, C.I. Mora and J.M. Elick, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville: Morphology and taphonomy of root and stump casts of the earliest trees (Middle to Late Devonian), Pennsylvania and New York, U.S.A. Abstract, PALAIOS Volume 12.6, December 1997.
! K.A. Dunn et al. (1997): Enhancement of leaf fossilization potential by bacterial biofilms. Abstract, Geology, 25: 1119-1122.
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham,
Surrey, UK: Research activities,
Molecular taphonomy, and
Other taphonomy.
Brian J. Enquist et al. (2002): General patterns of taxonomic and biomass partitioning in extant and fossil plant communities. PDF file, Nature.
Howard J. Falcon-Lang and John H. Calder: Sir William Dawson (1820-1899): a very modern paleobotanist (PDF file). Early Plant Taphonomy! From the Atlantic Geology volume on the classic Carboniferous site at Joggins, Nova Scotia.
! D.K. Ferguson et al. (2009): The taphonomy of a remarkable leaf bed assemblage from the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Gore Lignite Measures, southern New Zealand. PDF file, International Journal of Coal Geology.
! David K. Ferguson (2005): Plant Taphonomy: Ruminations on the Past, the Present, and the Future. Abstract, Palaios, 20: 418-428. See also here (References).
David K. Ferguson, Department of Palaeontology, Geocentre, University of Vienna, Austria: Catastrophic events as a taphonomic window on plant communities. Abstract, International Plant Taphonomy Meeting Chemnitz, 2003.
! Robert A. Gastaldo, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine:
Notes for a course in paleobotany.
This website provides information about:
Taphonomy: Physiological, Necrological, and Traumatic processes,
Taphonomy: Biogeochemical Processes of Plant Fossilization and
Preservational Modes,
Biostratinomic Processes in Volcaniclastic Terrains,
Biostratinomic Processes in Fluvial-Lacustrine Terrains,
Biostratinomic Processes in Coastal-Deltaic Terrains,
Biostratinomic Processes in Peat Accumulating
Environments, and
Biostratinomic Processes in Marginal Marine
Settings.
See also:
A Brief Introduction to PALEOBOTANY.
Robert A. Gastaldo and Timothy M. Demko (2011): The Relationship Between Continental Landscape Evolution and the Plant-Fossil Record: Long Term Hydrologic Controls on Preservation. PDF file, Topics in Geobiology, 32: 249-285. See also here (abstract).
Robert A. Gastaldo et al. (2005): Taphonomic Trends of Macrofloral Assemblages Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Karoo Basin, South Africa. PDF file, Palaios. See also here ("Tales of Extinction and Recovery", Smithsonian).
! C.T. Gee and R.A. Gastaldo (2005): Sticks and Mud, Fruits and Nuts, Leaves and Climate: Plant Taphonomy Comes of Age. PDF file, Palaios, 20: 415-418.
Robert A. Gastaldo, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine: A Brief Introduction to TAPHONOMY. About: Gastaldo, Savrda, & Lewis. 1996. Deciphering Earth History: A Laboratory Manual with Internet Exercises. Contemporary Publishing Company of Raleigh, Inc. ISBN 0-89892-139-2.
GASTALDO, Robert A., ADENDORFF, Rose, BAMFORD, Marion, LABANDEIRA, Conrad, NEVELING, Johann, and SIMS, Hallie: TAPHONOMIC TRENDS OF MACROFLORAL ASSEMBLAGES ACROSS THE PERMIAN-TRIASSIC BOUNDARY IN THE KAROO BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA. Abstract, 2004 Denver Annual Meeting (November 7-10, 2004.
! R.A. Gastaldo and J.R. Staub (1999): A mechanism to explain the preservation of leaf litter lenses in coals derived from raised mires. PDF file, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 149: 1-14.
R.A. Gastaldo and A.-Y. Huc (1992): Sediment facies, depositional environments, and distribution of phytoclasts in the Recent Mahakam River delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia. PDF file, Palaios. Framboidal pyrite in fig. 8B, 9B.
R.A. Gastaldo et al. (1989): Biostratinomic processes for the development of mud-cast logs in Carboniferous and Holocene swamps. PDF file, Palaios.
! R.A. Gastaldo et al. (1987): Origin, characteristics, and provenance of plant macrodetritus in a Holocene crevasse splay, Mobile Delta, Alabama. PDF file, Palaios.
!
C. Géza et al. 2009):
A possible Late Miocene fossil
forest PaleoPark in Hungary. Tree stumps in situ! PDF file, from:
Jere H. Lipps and Bruno R.C. Granier (eds.) 2009, (e-book,
hosted by Carnets):
PaleoParks - The
protection and conservation of fossil sites worldwide.
Also available from
here.
Michael A. Gibson et al.: POSSIBLE DNA PRESERVATION FROM PLANT FOSSILS IN THE CLAIBORNE FORMATION (MIDDLE EOCENE) OF WEST TENNESSEE. Abstract, 54th Annual Meeting (March 17-18, 2005), The Geological Society of America (GSA).
Kristen P. Giebel (1984): Plant Fossils in the Laboratory. PDF file. Website hosted by The Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE).
V. Girard et al. (2011): Protist-like inclusions in amber, as evidenced by Charentes amber. In PDF, European journal of Protistology.
B. Gomez et al.: Plant taphonomy and palaeoecology in the lacustrine Una delta (Late Barremian, Iberian Ranges, Spain). Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 170, Number 1, 1 June 2001 , pp. 133-148.
Pamela J. W. Gore, Department of Geology, Georgia Perimeter College, Clarkston, GA: Historical Geology. Online laboratory manual. Go to: Fossil Preservation Laboratory.
David R. Greenwood, (1992): Taphonomic constraints on foliar physiognomie interpretations of Late Cretaceous and tertiary palaeoeclimates. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.
! David R. Greenwood, Environmental Science Program, Brandon University: The Taphonomy of Plant Macrofossils. Chapter 7, pp. 141-169, In, Donovan, S.K. (Ed.) The Processes of Fossilization. Belhaven Press, London, 303 pp.
Terry Harrison (2011): Coprolites: Taphonomic and Paleoecological Implications. PDF file, Paleontology and geology of Laetoli.
Robert S. Hill, Department of Botany, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia: Consequences of long-distance dispersal of plant macrofossils. PDF file, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1981, Vol. 19: 241-242.
J. Hladil et al. (2010): Dust. A geology-orientated attempt to reappraise the natural components, amounts, inputs to sediment, and importance for correlation purposes. PDF file, Geologica Belgica, 13: 367-384.
Christa-Ch. Hofmann and A. Hugh N. Rice (2008): Monospecific "leaf-jams" in the seasonal/ephemeral Hoanib River in the northern Namib (NW Namibia). Abstract, 18th Plant Taphonomy Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
Illinois Digital Archives: George Langford Sr., collecting Mazon Creek nodules. In the 1920s and 1930s, George Langford, and his son, George, Jr., spent many hours collecting fossiliferous nodules from strip mines near Braidwood, Illinois.
! The International Plant Taphonomy Meeting. The International Plant Taphonomy Meetings are informal workshops focusing on recent developments in the science of plant taphonomy. Go to: The 18th Plant Taphonomy Meeting 2008, Vienna, Austria, Abstracts.
Kirk R. Johnson, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Colorado: Palaeobotany: Forests frozen in time. A "plant Pompeii", more than 300 million years old. Nature 447, 786-787; June 2007.
! T.P. Jones and Nick P. Rowe (eds.), Google Books (some pages are ommitted): Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. Published by Geological Society, 1999, 396 pages. Excellent! Click: "Preview the book".
K.-P. Kelber, Würzburg (2007): Die Erhaltung und paläobiologische Bedeutung der fossilen Hölzer aus dem süddeutschen Keuper (Trias, Ladinium bis Rhätium).- In German. PDF file, 33 MB! pp. 37-100; In: Schüßler, H. & Simon, T. (eds.): Aus Holz wird Stein - Kieselhölzer aus dem Keuper Frankens.- (Eppe), Bergatreute-Aulendorf.
Jim Konecny et al. Fossil News: The Mazon Creek Nodules. Concretions formed in 300 million-year-old Illinois coal swamps yield flawless plants and insects.
J. Konecny, S. Konecny and J. Null, Fossil News, Journal of Avocational Paleontology: The Mazon Creek Nodules.
! Lenny L.R. Kouwenberg et al. (2007):
A
new transfer technique to extract and process thin and fragmented
fossil cuticle using polyester overlays. Abstract,
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 145: 243-248.
See also
here
(PDF file).
Sean Kotz, Ehow.com: Paleobotany Types of Fossils.
! M. Krings et al. (2010): A fungal community in plant tissue from the Lower Coal Measures (Langsettian, Lower Pennsylvanian) of Great Britain. PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, 85.
E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2008): Neocalamites asperrimus (Franke) Shen 1990, a morphospecies for Triassic sphenophyte "cortical structures"? Abstract, 18th Plant Taphonomy Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
C.L. May and R.E. Gresswell (2003): Processes and rates of sediment and wood accumulation in the headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28(4): 409-424. See also here (PDF file).
Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, MODES OF PRESERVATION. Link list page with picture rankings. The links give the most direct connections to pictures available on the web.
National Computational Science Education Consortium (NCSEC): Module The Petrification Process of Wood. This website (NCSEC served as a national educational computational science clearinghouse) offers math and science teachers an array of online educational tools. Some parts a bit confusing. Go to: How Does Wood Petrify?
Imogen Poole, Department of Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Utrecht University: TAPHONOMY & PRESERVATION OF WOOD. Research projects.
Imogen Poole, Pim F. van Bergen, Johan Kool, Stefan Schouten and David J. Cantrill: Molecular isotopic heterogeneity of fossil organic matter: implications for δ13Cbiomass and δ13Cpalaeoatmosphere proxies. PDF file, Organic Geochemistry 35(11-12) (2004) 1261-1274 (via Virtual Journal Geobiology, volume 3, Issue 9, September 2004, section 2B).
Authored by the The Rhynie Chert Research Group, University of Aberdeen, with contributions and support by the Palaeobotanical Research Group, University of Münster, Germany, the Centre for Palynology, University of Sheffield, The Natural History Museum, London, and The Royal Museum, National Museums of Scotland: The Biota of Early Terrestrial Ecosystems, The Rhynie Chert. A resource site for students and teachers covering many aspects of the present knowledge of this unique geological deposit (including a glossary and bibliography pages). Go to: Taphonomy of the Rhynie Chert, and Silicification and the Conversion of Sinter to Chert.
! Fresia Ricardi-Branco et al. (2009): Plant accumulations along the Itanhaém River Basin, southern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. PDF file, Palaios, 24: 416-424. See also here, and there (abstract).
R. Rößler (2009): 300 Jahre Schatzsuche in Chemnitz: Die wissenschaftliche Grabung nach dem versteinerten Wald. In German (PDF file), Fossilien, 26.
E. Salmon et al. (2009): Early maturation processes in coal. Part 1: Pyrolysis mass balance and structural evolution of coalified wood from the Morwell Brown Coal seam. PDF file, Organic Geochemistry, 40: 500-509.
Sabine Schmidt, Gravity Research Group, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany: Die Erde. Go to: Biostratonomie: Fossildiagenese. Scroll down to: "Die Erhaltung von Pflanzen" (in German).
Andrew C. Scott (website provided by science.jrank.org): Fossil plants, The nature of fossil plants, The uses of fossil plants.
! A.C. Scott (1990): 3.10 Anatomical Preservation of Fossil Plants. PDF file, scroll to page 263! Article in: Derek Briggs and Peter Crowther (eds.): Paleobiology: A Synthesis. Navigate from the contents file (PDF).
Shelf and Slope Environmental Taphonomy Initiative (SSETI), Caribbean Marine Research Center, Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas (Organization National Undersea Research Programme Rutgers University). The SSETI programme was established to measure taphonomic rates in a range of continental shelf and slope environments of deposition over an extended period of time.
James "Bo" Slone, Department of Geology, Auburn University, AL: Taphonomy of Holocene Palynomorphs in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama. Thesis proposal.
Selena Y. Smith et al. (2009): Virtual taphonomy using synchrotron tomographic microscopy reveals cryptic features and internal structure of modern and fossil plants. PDF file, PNAS, 106: 12013-12018. See also here (abstract).
Smithsonian Science: Fungi still visible in wood charcoal centuries after burning.
! R.A. Spicer (1989): The formation and interpretation of plant fossil assemblages Advances in botanical research (Google books).
! Robert A. Spicer (1977): The pre-depositional formation of some leaf impressions. PDF file, Palaeontology, 20: 907-912.
B.A. Stankiewicz et al.: Molecular taphonomy of arthropod and plant cuticles from the Carboniferous of North America: implications for the origin of kerogen. Journal of the Geological Society, June 1, 1998; 155(3): 453 - 462.
! David C. Steart et al. (2009): The chemical constraints upon leaf decay rates: Taphonomic implications among leaf species in Australian terrestrial and aquatic environments. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 157: 358-374.
D.C. Steart et al. (2006): Overland transport of leaves in two forest types in southern Victoria, Australia and its implications for palaeobotanical studies. PDF file, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 118: 65-74.
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands:
Hans´ Paleobotany Pages.
Plant life from the Silurian to the Cretaceous. See also:
Exceptionally preserved plant fossils from Crock Hey.
Paul K. Strother (2009): Thalloid carbonaceous incrustations and the asynchronous evolution of embryophyte characters during the Early Paleozoic. PDF file, International Journal of Coal Geology.
T.N. Taylor and J.M. Osborn (1992): The Role of Wood in Understanding Saprophytism in the Fossil Record. PDF file.
! Dieter Uhl (2004): Anatomy and taphonomy of a coniferous wood from the Zechstein (Upper Permian) of NW-Hesse (Germany). In PDF, Geodiversitas, 26: 391-401.
! The Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science of Utrecht University, Laboratory of Palaeobotany & Palynology: The 19th Plant Taphonomy workshop, to be held in Utrecht, The Netherlands the 27th of March, 2009.
Steve Wagner (paleontological volunteer at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science): Paleocurrents.com: Mainly nice photo galleries of fossil plants. Go to: Castle Rock Fossil Rainforest. Please take notice: THE MEANDERING RIVER. See also: DETERIORATION EXPERIMENT. When good fossils go bad.
Jun Wang et al. (2012):
Permian vegetational Pompeii from Inner Mongolia
and its implications for landscape paleoecology
and paleobiogeography of Cathaysia. In PDF, PNAS. See also:
Ash-covered
forest is "Permian Pompeii"
(S. Perkins, Nature).
Penn
researcher helps discover and characterize a 300-million-year-forest.
The
Lost Forest.
Joan Watson and K.L. Alvin (1976): Silicone rubber casts of silicified plants from the Cretaceous of Sudan PDF file, Palaeontology, 19: 641–650.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Taphonomy, and Fossilisationslehre (in German).
S.L. Wing and W.A. DiMichele (1995): Conflict between Local and Global Changes in Plant Diversity through Geological Time. PDF file, Palaios, 10: 551-564. See also here (abstract).
Ewan Wolff, Montana State University Geoscience Education Web Development Team: Advances in Paleontology. Go to: Taphonomy: The Study of Preservation.
! E.L. Zodrow et al. (2010): Medullosalean fusain trunk from the roof rocks of a coal seam: Insight from FTIR and NMR (Pennsylvanian Sydney Coalfield, Canada). In PDF, International Journal of Coal Geology, 82: 16-124.
K.E. ZEIGLER, A.B. HECKERT, and S.G. LUCAS:
Taphonomic analysis of a fire-related Upper Triassic
vertebrate fossil assemblage from north-central New Mexico. PDF file;
New Mexico Geological Society, 56th Field Conference Guidebook, Geology of
the Chama Basin, 2005, p.341-351.
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