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Pith Cast and "in situ" Preservation
Nan Crystal Arens, C. Strömberg and A. Thompson: Sphenopsids and Ferns, The Sphenopsids.
Chester A. Arnold (1956): A new calamite from Colorado (PDF file). Diagrammatic Calamites reconstruction in fig. 1.
A.R. Bashforth and W.A. DiMichele (2012): Permian Coal Forest offers a glimpse of late Paleozoic ecology. In PDF, PNAS, 109: 4717-4718.
A.R. Bashforth et al. (2010): Vegetation heterogeneity on a Late Pennsylvanian braided-river plain draining the Variscan Mountains, La Magdalena Coalfield, northwestern Spain. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
Mariana Brea et al. (2009): Darwin forest at agua de la zorra: the first in situ forest discovered in South America by Darwin in 1835. PDF file, Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 64: 21-31. Permineralized fossil tree stumps in growth position.
Mariana Brea et al. (2008): Ecological reconstruction of a mixed Middle Triassic forest from Argentina. PDF file, Alcheringa, 32: 365-393. See also here.-The Darwin Forest consists of 120 stumps in life position!
Michael Clayton, Department of Botany,
University of Wisconsin, Madison:
Instructional Technology (BotIT).
Some image collections. Excellent! Go to:
Equisetales.
Fossil sphenophytes.
Cindy Creighton, Springhill, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia Fossils. Calamites pith casts from Cumberland County, Nova Scotia.
N. Rubén Cúneo et al. (2003): In situ fossil forest from the upper Fremouw Formation (Triassic) of Antarctica: paleoenvironmental setting and paleoclimate analysis. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 197: 239-261.
Carleton William Degges Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, ME: CARBONIFEROUS PITH-CASTING MECHANISMS AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE MARY LEE COAL-SEAM SPLIT IN NORTHWESTERN WALKER COUNTY, ALABAMA. Abstract.
! W.A. DiMichele and H.J. Falcon-Lang (2012): Calamitalean "pith casts" reconsidered. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.
! W.A. DiMichele and H.J. Falcon-Lang (2011): Pennsylvanian "fossil forests" in growth position (T0 assemblages): origin, taphonomic bias and palaeoecological insights. PDF file, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 168: 585-605. See fig. 14 (PDF page 17),
W.A. DiMichele et al. (2009): Catastrophically buried Middle Pennsylvanian Sigillaria and calamitean sphenopsids from Indiana, USA: What kind of vegetation was this? PDF file, Palaios, 24: 159-166.
W.A. DiMichele et al. (1996): A drowned lycopsid forest above the Mahoning coal (Conemaugh Group, Upper Pennsylvanian) in eastern Ohio, USA. PDF file, International Journal of Coal Geology, 31.
R.F. Dubiel (1987):
Sedimentology
of the Upper Triassic Chinle
Formation Southeastern Utah: Paleoclimatic
Implications. In PDF,
Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science.
See fig. 8: Horsetail pith casts, formed when the hollow trunks of the horsetails were broken off
and filled with sediment during a flood event.
Howard J. Falcon-Lang et al. (2011): Pennsylvanian coniferopsid forests in sabkha facies reveal the nature of seasonal tropical biome. Abstract, Geology, 39: 371-374.
! Howard J. Falcon-Lang (2009): A Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri tree preserved in growth position in the Middle Pennsylvanian Sydney Mines Formation, Nova Scotia, Canada. PDF file, Atlantic Geology, 45: 74-80.
H.J. Falcon-Lang (2005): Earliest mountain forests. In PDF. Geology Today, Vol. 21. See fig. 3: A cordaite stump has been transported in an ancient river system from nearby mountains.
Howard J. Falcon-Lang and Arden R. Bashforth (2005): Morphology, anatomy, and upland ecology of large cordaitalean trees from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Newfoundland. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 135: 223-243.
Howard J. Falcon-Lang and John H. Calder:
Sir William
Dawson (1820-1899): a very modern paleobotanist. PDF file,
Atlantic Geology, 41: 103-114. Fig. 2, 4, 5, 7: Cliffs of Joggins, pith cast preservation
in growth position.
From the Atlantic Geology volume on the
classic Carboniferous site at Joggins, Nova Scotia.
J.E. Francis, Earth Sciences, University of Leeds: Fossil Trees in the Basal Purbeck Formation on Portland - The Great Dirt Bed Forest.
R.A. Gastaldo et al. (2004): Erect forests are evidence for coseismic base-level changes in Pennsylvanian cyclothems of the Black Warrior Basin, USA. PDF file, in: J.C. Pashin and R.A. Gastaldo (eds): Sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and tectonics of coal-bearing strata. AAPG Studies in Geology 51: 219-238.
! R.A. Gastaldo et al. (1989): Biostratinomic processes for the development of mud-cast logs in Carboniferous and Holocene swamps. PDF file, Palaios.
!
C. Géza et al. (2009):
A possible Late Miocene fossil
forest PaleoPark in Hungary. Permineralized tree stumps in situ! PDF file, from:
Jere H. Lipps and Bruno R.C. Granier (eds.) 2009, (e-book,
hosted by Carnets):
PaleoParks - The
protection and conservation of fossil sites worldwide.
Also available from
here.
!
M.R. Gibling and N.S. Davies (2012):
Palaeozoic
landscapes shaped by plant evolution. In PDF,
Nature Geoscience, 5. See especially fig. 2c!
See also
here
(abstract).
David R. Greenwood, Zoology Dept., Brandon University, Manitoba, Canada: Mummified tree stumps on Axel Heiberg Island, Canada (PDF file). In low grade lignite preserved tree stumps.
Juliane K. Hinz et al. (2010): A high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of a fossil forest (Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation, Junggar Basin, Northwest China). Abstract, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 90: 203-214. See also here (in PDF).
Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow: Scottish Geology, Rhynie. A block of the Rhynie Chert showing very well preserved vertical axes.
T.H. Jefferson (1982): Fossil forests from the lower Cretaceous of Alexander Island, Antarctica. PDF file, Palaeontology, 25: 681-708. A standing-tree fossil forest.
Joggins Fossil Centre, Joggins, Canada: The Joggins Fossil Cliffs. A UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site.
! T.P. Jones and Nick P. Rowe (eds.), Google Books: Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. Published by Geological Society, 1999, 396 pages. Excellent! Go to page 36: Plant and spore compression in sediments (by B.W. Chaloner).
K.-P. Kelber (2007):
Die Erhaltung
und paläobiologische Bedeutung der fossilen Hölzer aus dem süddeutschen
Keuper (Trias, Ladinium bis Rhätium) (PDF file, in German).-
pp. 37-100; In: Schüßler, H. & Simon, T. (eds.):
Aus Holz wird Stein -
Kieselhölzer aus dem Keuper Frankens. Go to:
Fig. 3a, 3j, pith cast preservation of "Voltzia coburgensis";
Fig. 3k, pith cast preservation of "Chelepteris macropeltis".
K.-P. Kelber (2005): Makroflora (Die Keuperfloren). PDF file (12 MB), in German. In: Beutler, G., Hauschke, N., Nitsch, E. and Vath, U. (eds.): Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommission, Stratigraphie von Deutschland IV - Keuper. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 253: 32-41. Pith cast preservation of Equisetites arenaceus (plate 1, fig. n).
Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: The Rhynie Chert and its Flora. Go to: 2. The Rhynie Chert Flora. An image showing upright standing Aglaophyton major axes.
The New York Times (May 01, 2012): An Underground Fossil Forest Offers Clues on Climate Change.
Sid Perkins, Science now: ScienceShot: Ancient Forest Kept Good Company. Fossil tree stumps in a sandstone quarry near Gilboa, New York.
Picsearch: Calamites images.
! G.M. Rex, W.G. Chaloner (1983): The experimental formation of plant compression fossils. PDF file, Palaeontology, 26: 231-252.
Ronny Rössler und Norbert Noll: Calamitea Cotta 1832 - eine fossile Pflanze zwischen Historie und aktueller Forschung (in German).
Sabine Schmidt, Gravity Research Group, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany: Die Erde. Go to: Biostratonomie: Fossildiagenese. Scroll down to: "Die Erhaltung von Pflanzen" (in German).
Z. Simunek et al. (2009): Cordaites borassifolius (Sternberg) Unger (Cordaitales) from the Radnice Basin (Bolsovian, Czech Republic). PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, Czech Geological Survey. Pith cast preservation in fig. 32.
Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Underground Carboniferous Forest (Riola mine, Illinois). A lycopsid tree stump and a pith cast of Calamites.
W.E. Stein et al. (2012): Surprisingly complex community discovered in the mid-Devonian fossil forest at Gilboa. Abstract, Nature, 483. Numerous Eospermatopteris root systems in life position within a mixed-age stand of trees, large woody rhizomes with adventitious roots.
Nigel H. Trewin, Stephen R. Fayers and Lyall I. Anderson, University of Aberdeen. The Biota of Early Terrestrial Ecosystems, The Rhynie Chert. Go to: The Rhynie Chert Flora. Polished slab of Rhynie chert showing very well preserved vertical axes of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii.
V.P. Tverdokhlebov (2004): Buried Equisetites thickets from the Middle Triassic of the south Cis-Urals, Russia. In PDF, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie
Jun Wang et al. (2012):
Permian vegetational Pompeii from Inner Mongolia
and its implications for landscape paleoecology
and paleobiogeography of Cathaysia. In PDF, PNAS. See also:
Ash-covered
forest is "Permian Pompeii"
(S. Perkins, Nature).
Penn
researcher helps discover and characterize a 300-million-year-forest.
The
Lost Forest.
J. Watson (1983): Two Wealden species of Equisetum found in situ. PDF file, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 28: 265-269.
Joan Watson and K.L. Alvin (1976): Silicone rubber casts of silicified plants from the Cretaceous of Sudan PDF file, Palaeontology, 19: 641-650.
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Calamites,
Joggins, Nova Scotia, and
Rhynie chert.
E. Zodrow and M. Mastalerz (2009):
A
proposed origin for fossilized Pennsylvanian plant cuticles
by pyrite oxidation (Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada).
PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, 84: 227-240.
! See fig. 12: In situ Calamites pith casts,
Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia.
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