Home / Articles in Palaeobotany / Plant Evolution

Stephen T. Abedon, The Bacteriophage Ecology Group, Mansfield, Ohio State University, Columbus: Evolution of Plants. Brief lecture notes.

J.M. Anderson et al. (1999): Patterns of Gondwana plant colonisation and diversification. PDF file, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 28: 145-l67.

Francisco J. Ayala, Walter M. Fitch, and Michael T. Clegg (eds.): Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years after Stebbins. Online book, National Academy of Sciences (2000).

! R.M. Bateman et al. (1998): Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. PDF file, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 29: 263-292.

BBC News, Friday, 3 May, 2002: "Oldest flower" found in China.

! Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley, Plantae, Fossil Record: Chart of First Appearances of Major Plant Groups. Each of the taxonomic plant groups in pink boxes can be clicked upon to take you to an introduction.

Robert A. Berner, Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut: The Rise of Plants and Their Effect on Weathering and Atmospheric CO₂ (now via wayback archive). See also here.

Michael Bernstein, Washington and New Orleans, March 21-27, 2003: (American Chemical Society, EurekAlert): Scientists find evidence for crucial root in the history of plant evolution.

Boston College: BC Scientist´s Fossil Discovery May Indicate Life on Land Evolved Earlier than Thought.

C. Kevin Boyce (2010): The evolution of plant development in a paleontological context. PDF file, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13: 102-107.

The palaeofiles. Articles here have all been prepared by students on the palaeobiology programmes in Bristol:
The origin and evolution of angiosperms.

! Stephen P. Broker, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute: The Evolution of Plants. The evolution of plants is briefly treated primarily in terms of a consideration of the concepts of time and change, and an appreciation of the great diversity of life on earth today (without images). Recommended for Biology, 9th and 10th grade level, and Botany, 11th and 12th grade level.

Neil Buckley, Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY: Bio 102 General Biology II Class Notes. Powerpoint presentations. Go to:
Tree of Life Significant events in Plant Evolution. Key Moments in the life of Kingdom Plantae.

! Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge (developed by Nicola Peart and Ben Roberts, with feedback from Katy Jordan, Howard Griffiths and Beverley Glover): Plant Evolution Timeline. This is a cut-down version of the full tool, designed primarily to aid plant scientists with their learning of plant evolution.
Click: "Timeline".
Including first occurence (or first appearance) of species and speciation and major groups of plants. See also:
Plant Evolution Timeline - Help.

Alison Campbell et al., Biology & Earth Science, The University of Waikato, New Zealand: Evolution for Teaching. This website has been developed to provide a web based resource for use by secondary teachers, especially in the science fields of evolution and geological time. Go to: Plant and Animal Evolution.

P.D. Cantino et al. (2007): Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. PDF file, Taxon, 56: 822-846.

Sean Carrington, Department of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies (UWI), Barbados: The Plant Kingdom. An introduction to the world of plants from an evolutionary perspective.
Have a look for handouts and PDF files, or
navigate from here.

David D. Cass, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta: Earliest Evidence of Flowering Plants. 32 slides.

Philippe Choler, Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations d'Altitude, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble: Biologie Evolutive Végétale. Concepts and methods in evolutionary biology (in French). Navigate from "Plan du cours" (access to about 335 slides). Go to: Quelle est l’origine des Angiospermes?

Paul F. Ciesielski, Dept. Geological Sciences, University of Florida: Evolution of Earth and Life. Go to: Transition of plants to land.

Regine Claßen-Bockhoff (2001): Plant Morphology: The Historic Concepts of Wilhelm Troll, Walter Zimmermann and Agnes Arber. Free PDF file, Annals of Botany, 88: 1153-1172.

Richard Cowen, Department of Geology, University of California, Davis: Comparing Plant and Animal Evolution.

Peter R. Crane (2004): Fossils and plant phylogeny. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 91: 1683-1699. See also here.

Peter R. Crane, Else Marie Friis, and William G. Chaloner (2010): Darwin and the Evolution of Flowers. PDF file, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365: 347-350. See also here.

! W.L. Crepet and K.J. Niklas (2009): Darwin´s second "abominable mystery": Why are there so many angiosperm species? PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 96: 366-381. See also here (abstract).

! W.L. Crepet (2008): The Fossil Record of Angiosperms: Requiem or Renaissance? Abstract, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research (CIPRES). Building the Tree of Life: A National Resource for Phyloinformatics and Computational Phylogenetics. CIPRES is a collaboration of many american museums and institutions. Go to:
! Getting to the Roots of Plant Evolution (Powerpoint presentation). See also the Exercise Handout (PDF file).

D. J. Daniels, Glendale High School, Glendale, Arizona: Advanced Placement Biology 2000, D. J. Daniels´ Glendale High Biology Page, Land Plants, Evolution and Diversity.

C.C. Davis and H. Schaefer (2011): Plant Evolution: Pulses of Extinction and Speciation in Gymnosperm Diversity. See also here (abstract).

Charles Delwiche, University of Maryland (Second Astrobiology Science Conference NASA AMES Research Center): Photsynthetic Eukaryotes: From the Acquisition of Organelles to the Colonization of the Land.

Melanie DeVore, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Georgia College and State University: Plant Origin and Evolution. PowerPoint presentation (87.4 MB!).

David Dilcher (2000): Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record. PDF file, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 97: 7030-7036. See also here.

! William A. DiMichele et al. (2008): The so-called "Paleophytic–Mesophytic" transition in equatorial Pangea. Multiple biomes and vegetational tracking of climate change through geological time. PDF file, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 268: 152-163. See also here (abstract).

W.A. DiMichele et al. (2004): Long-term stasis in ecological assemblages: evidence from the fossil record. PDF file, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 35: 285-322.

Adam Dimech, Burnley College, University of Melbourne, Australia: Plant Evolution. This website is designed to serve as an introduction to the theory behind the evolution of the world's flora, with some emphasis placed on the Australian flora.

James A. Doyle, Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis: PHYLOGENY OF VASCULAR PLANTS. Abstract, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1998. 29:567-599. See also here.

M.J. Farabee, Estrella Mountain Community College Center, Avondale, Arizona: On-Line Biology Book. Introductory biology lecture notes. Go to:
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: NONVASCULAR PLANTS AND NONSEED VASCULAR PLANTS, and
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: SEED PLANTS. See also:
PALEOBIOLOGY: THE LATE PALEOZOIC,
PALEOBIOLOGY: THE MESOZOIC, AGE OF CYCADS AND DINOSAURS.

Jeffrey A. Fawcett and Yves Van de Peer (2010): Angiosperm polyploids and their road to evolutionary success. Trends in Evolutionary Biology.

T.J. Flowers et al. (2010): Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants. PDF file, Functional Plant Biology, 37: 604-612.

William E. Friedman and Martha E. Cook (2000): The origin and early evolution of tracheids in vascular plants: integration of palaeobotanical and neobotanical data. Abstract and PDF file, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 355.

Else Marie Friis, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen and Peter R. Crane (2010): Diversity in obscurity: fossil flowers and the early history of angiosperms. PDF file, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365: 369-382. Some of the specimens are charcoalified and have retained their original three-dimensional shape. See also here.

! Michael W. Frohlich & Mark W. Chase (2007): After a dozen years of progress the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery. Abstract, Nature 450: 1184-1189.

! D.J. Futuyma and A.A. Agrawal (2009): Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores. In PDF.

Robert A. Gastaldo and Timothy M. Demko (2011): The Relationship Between Continental Landscape Evolution and the Plant-Fossil Record: Long Term Hydrologic Controls on Preservation. PDF file, Topics in Geobiology, 32: 249-285. See also here (abstract).

! Robert A. Gastaldo, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine: Plant Associations of the Mesophytic. Lecture Notes.

Philippe Gerrienne et al. (2011): A Simple Type of Wood in Two Early Devonian Plants. Abstract, Science, 333. See also here (E. Brown, The Sacramento Bee), and there.

Philippe Gerrienne and Paul Gonez (2010): Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 49: 1-16.

R. Gorelick and K. Olson (2011): Is lack of cycad (Cycadales) diversity a result of a lack of polyploidy? Abstract, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 165: 156-167.

R. Gorelick (2001): Did insect pollination cause increased seed plant diversity? PDF file, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74: 407-427.

Alan Graham (1993): 3. History of the Vegetation: Cretaceous (Maastrichian) - Tertiary. PDF file, Vol. 1. Flora of North America north of Mexico. See also here.

Linda E. Graham, Martha E. Cook, and James S. Busse: The origin of plants: Body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 97: 4535-4540, 2000.

! S.F. Greb et al. (2006): Evolution and Importance of Wetlands in Earth History. PDF file, In: DiMichele, W.A., and Greb, S., eds., Wetlands Through Time: Geological Society of America, Special Publication, 399: 1-40. Rhacophyton and Archaeopteris in a Devonian wetland as well as Pennsylvanian, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous wetland plant reconstructions.

Kent E. Holsinger, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT: Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants (PDF file).

! Norman F. Hughes (1994): The Enigma of Angiosperm Origins. 405 pages. Provided by Cambridge University Press through the Google Print Publisher Program.

Norman F. Hughes (1982): Palaeobiology of Angiosperm Origins: Problems of Mesozoic Seed-Plant Evolution. Provided by Google books.

Kenneth G. Karol, Richard M. McCourt, Matthew T. Cimino, and Charles F. Delwiche, Science Magazine: The Closest Living Relatives of Land Plants. This analysis supports the hypothesis that the land plants are placed phylogenetically within the Charophyta, identifies the Charales (stoneworts) as the closest living relatives of plants.

Keith Karoly, Reed College Biology Department, Portland, OR: Contemporary Topics in Biology - Molecular Genetic Analysis of Plant Evolution. A range of online articles. Go to: Molecular clocks and plant evolution.

M. Alan Kazlev and Toby White, Australia: Palaeos: The trace of Life on Earth. The Palaeos Site is dedicated to providing a detailed and - at least in parts - comprehensive overview of the history of life on Earth. Use the menu bars at the top and (in longer pages) bottom of the page to navigate. Go to: The Evolutionary History of Green Plants. All in a nutshell about green plant evolution-related topics, including textbook illustrations and the coverage of major phyla and kingdoms.

Kelber, K.-P. (2003): Sterben und Neubeginn im Spiegel der Paläofloren. PDF file (17 MB!), in German. Plant evolution, the fossil record of plants and the aftermath of mass extinction events. pp. 38-59, 212-215; In: Hansch, W. (ed.): Katastrophen in der Erdgeschichte - Wendezeiten des Lebens.- museo 19, Heilbronn.

! Paul Kenrick (2011): Timescales and timetrees. PDF file, New Phytologist, 192. See also here.

Paul Kenrick (2003): Fishing for the first plants. PDF file, Nature 425.

P. Kenrick (2000): The relationships of vascular plants. PDF file.

! Paul Kenrick & Peter R. Crane: The origin and early evolution of plants on land. PDF file, Nature 1997.

! J.E. Keeley et al. (2011): Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. PDF file, Trends in Plant Science, 16.

! Hans Kerp, Palaeobotanical Research Group, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster: A History of Palaeozoic Forests. An introductory text with many helpful links directly related to the history of Palaeozoic forests. 7 chapters provide information about: The earliest land plants; Towards a tree-like growth habit; The earliest forests; The Carboniferous coal swamp forests; The floral change at the end of the Westphalian; Stefanian and Rotliegend floras; Is there a floral break in the Permian?

Michael Knee, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University: General Plant Biology, Horticulture and Crop Science 300, Online Resources. Go to: ANTHOPHYTA I, Evolution of flowering plants, and Evolution.

Michael Koltzenburg and Gerd Weitbrecht, Reutlingen, Germany: Floren- und Vegetationsgeschichte Plant evolution in a nutshell (DOC file, in German).

M. Kowalewski and R.K. Bambach (2003): The Limits of Paleontological Resolution. PDF file, in: P.J. Harries (ed.): Approaches in High-Resolution Stratigraphic Paleontology (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers).

V.A. Krassilov (1997): Angiosperm Origins: Morphological and Ecological Aspects. PDF file (159 MB!), 270 p., (Pensoft), Sophia.

! M. Krings et al. (2012): Fungal Endophytes as a Driving Force in Land Plant Evolution: Evidence from the Fossil Record. In PDF; D. Southworth (ed.): Biocomplexity of Plant-Fungal Interactions (John Wiley & Sons).

! U. U. Kutschera and K.J. Niklas (2004): The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis. PDF file, Naturwissenschaften, 91: 255-276.

Conrad C. Labandeira (2010): The Pollination of Mid Mesozoic Seed Plants and the Early History of Long-proboscid Insects. Abstract, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 97: 469-513.

Conrad C. Labandeira (2005): Invasion of the continents: cyanobacterial crusts to tree-inhabiting arthropods. In PDF, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20.

F. Leliaert et al.: Into the deep: new discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny. PDF file, BioEssays.

Gerhard Leubner, The Seed Biology Place, University Freiburg, Germany: Seed evolution. Origin and evolution of the seed habit.

! S. Magallón (2009): Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life (see here).

Susana Magallón and Amanda Castillo (2009): Angiosperm diversification through time. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 96: 349-365.

! Susana Magallón and Khidir W. Hilu (2009): Land plants (Embryophyta). PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life (see here).

! C. Martín-Closas (2003): The fossil record and evolution of freshwater plants: a review. PDF file, Geologica Acta, 1: 315-338.

Patrick T. Martone et al. (2009): Discovery of Lignin in Seaweed Reveals Convergent Evolution of Cell-Wall Architecture. Abstract, Current Biology, Volume 19, Issue 2, 169-175. See also here.

Stephen McLoughlin (2001): The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism. Abstract, Australian Journal of Botany, 49: 271-300.

C.I. Millar, Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Tertiary Vegetation History. PDF file.

Sebastian Molnar, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver: Evolution and the Origins of Life. A directory of introductions concerning evolution, with a bias to Plant Biology and Evolution. Excellent examples about how evolution works can be seen from the plant world. Go to: Angiosperm Origins and Evolution, or The Evolution of Polyploidy, and Summary: Polyploid Evolution.

N.S. Nagalingum et al. (2011): Recent Synchronous Radiation of a Living Fossil. Abstract.
"Using fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies, we show that cycads underwent a near synchronous global rediversification beginning in the late Miocene, followed by a slowdown toward the Recent. Although the cycad lineage is ancient, our timetrees indicate that living cycad species are not much older than ~12 million years". See also here. In PDF, Science 334.

Dan Nickrent and Karen Renzaglia, Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale: Land Plants Online, Phylogenetic Relationships Among Land Plants - Overview. This page is designed to show the trees derived from various studies giving only the details of four termimals: tracheophytes, mosses, hornworts and liverworts. In other words, these diagrams are meant to show various competing hypotheses on the most basal relationships among land plants.

Karl Niklas, Plant Biology, Cornell University (page hosted by Access Excellence): Plant Evolution: Adaptation or Historical Accident?. See also here, and there.

! Karl J. Niklas and Ulrich Kutschera (2010): The evolution of the land plant life cycle. PDF file, New Phytologist, 185: 27-41.

Karl J. Niklas and Thomas Speck (2001): Evolutionary trends in safety factors against wind-induced stem failure. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 88: 1266-1278.

Barry A. Palevitz, "Discovering Relatives in the Flowering Plant Family Tree". The Scientist, Volume 13, 1999: Search for: "flowering plant". Registration procedure required.

Jeffrey D. Palmer et al. (2004): The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 91: 1437-1445. See also here.

Rémy J. Petit and Arndt Hampe (2006): Some Evolutionary Consequences of Being a Tree. PDF file, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 37: 187-214.

J. Pittermann (2010): The evolution of water transport in plants: an integrated approach. In PDF, Geobiology.

Tõnu Ploompuu, Biology, Tallinn Pedagogical University, Tallinn, Estonia: Resting and active evolution. Possible preadaptations in the early evolution of Angiosperms. See also here.

Z.A. Popper et al. (2011): Evolution and Diversity of Plant Cell Walls: From Algae to Flowering Plants. In PDF, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 62: 567-590.

Z.A. Popper and M.G. Tuohy (2010): Beyond the Green: Understanding the Evolutionary Puzzle of Plant and Algal Cell Walls. PDF file, Plant Physiology, 53: 373-383.

Ernst Probst, fossilien-news, Mainz-Kostheim, Germany: Rekorde der Urzeit aus der Pflanzenwelt (in German).

J.A. Raven and M. Andrews (2010): Evolution of tree nutrition. In PDF, Tree Physiology, 30: 1050-1071. See also here.

J.A. Raven (2002): Selection pressures on stomatal evolution. PDF file, New Phytologist.

J.A. Raven and D. Edwards (2001): Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance. PDF file, J. Exp. Bot., 52: 381-401.

! Allister Rees, GEON SDSC Meeting Webcast Archive, San Diego Supercomputer Center: GEON SDSC Meeting, webcast live: Go to: Dinosaurs and More: Integration of the DINO and PGAP Databases (August 22, 2005). Biomes, climates and floral development from the Permian to the Jurassic.

Authored by the The Rhynie Chert Research Group, University of Aberdeen, with contributions and support by the Palaeobotanical Research Group, University of Münster, Germany, the Centre for Palynology, University of Sheffield, The Natural History Museum, London, and The Royal Museum, National Museums of Scotland: The Biota of Early Terrestrial Ecosystems, The Rhynie Chert. A resource site for students and teachers covering many aspects of the present knowledge of this unique geological deposit (including a glossary and bibliography pages). The website´s second part provides guidance for teachers in this subject area and as such will require a password to enter (obtainable from the authors).

Anita Roth-Nebelsick et al. (2001): Evolution and Function of Leaf Venation Architecture: A Review. PDF file, Annals of Botany 87: 553-566. See also here.

Gar W. Rothwell et al. (2009): Is the anthophyte hypothesis alive and well? New evidence from the reproductive structures of Bennettitales. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 96: 296-322. See also here (abstract).

Gar W. Rothwell, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH: Vascular Plant Morphology. This course covers the structure, development, reproductive biology and relationships of vascular plants. The course is structured to emphasize the evolutionary changes that led to the diversity of modern tracheophytes.

Gar W. Rothwell, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens: Angiophytes: Using Whole Plant Concepts to Interpret Angiosperm Origins.

Nick Rowe and Thomas Speck (2005): Plant growth forms: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. PDF file, New Phytologist, 166: 61-72. See also here.

I. Sanmartín and F. Ronquist (2004): Southern Hemisphere Biogeography Inferred by Event-Based Models: Plant versus Animal Patterns. PDF file, Syst. Biol., 53: 216-243.

C. Schirarend and R. Vogt, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin: Von Nacktpflanzen und Schuppenbäumen. Plant evolution in a nutshell (in German). Part of the description of the exhibition "Stammesgeschichte der Pflanzen" (in German).

SciQuest.com: Geology, Evolution upset: Oxygen-making microbes came last, not first.

D.H. Scott (1909), President of the Linnean Society: Darwin and Modern Science: The Palaeontological Record: Plants. Website hosted by "The Unofficial Stephen Jay Gould Archive".

Stephen A. Smith et al. (2010): An uncorrelated relaxed-clock analysis suggests an earlier origin for flowering plants. PDF file, PNAS, 107: 5897-5902. See also here, and there.

Stephen A. Smith and Jeremy M. Beaulieu (2009): Life history influences rates of climatic niche evolution in flowering plants. In PDF, Proc. R. Soc. B, 276: 4345-4352. See also here.

Pamela Soltis (website by American Institute of Biological Sciences): Flowering Plants: Keys to Earth´s Evolution and Human Well-Being.

Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis (2004): The origin and diversification of angiosperms. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 91: 1614-1626.

I. Sørensen et al. (2010): How Have Plant Cell Walls Evolved? In PDF. See also here.

! Doug Soltis, Amber Tilley and Hongshan Wang, Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH), University of Florida: Deep Time. A comprehensive phylogenetic tree of living and fossil angiosperms. Deep Time explore the ways in which angiosperm fossils can be appropriately integrated into the phylogenetic framework for extant taxa, with the ultimate goal of forming a comprehensive phylogenetic tree of living and fossil angiosperms. This includes the evaluation and prioritization of the fossil record, the critical appraisal of the age of fossils, the construction of a morphological data matrix for fossils and extant angiosperms, the integration of fossils into the angiosperm tree and the calibration of divergence times.

! J.S. Sperry (2003): Evolution of water transport and xylem structure. PDF file, International Journal of Plant Sciences.

! Rachel Spicer and Andrew Groover (2010): Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth. PDF file, New Phytologist, 186: 577-592.

A.K. Srivastava, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, India: Taxonomy, palaeobotany and biodiversity About the angiosperm origin (PDF file, page 2). CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 10.

! P. Steemans et al. (2009): Origin and Radiation of the Earliest Vascular Land Plants. In PDF, Science, 324.

W.E. Stein (1987): Phylogenetic analysis and fossil plants. PDF file, Review of palaeobotany and palynology.

Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands: Hans´ Paleobotany Pages. Plant life from the Silurian to the Cretaceous. Go to:
The evolution of plants. A concise report of the development of the flora.

! P.F. Stevens and Hilary Davis, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. The focus of this site is on angiosperms and emphasis is placed on plant families. You can also navigate from the Orders- or the Families-website. Go to:
EVOLUTION OF LAND PLANTS.

Ruth A. Stockey, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton: Paleobotany of Angiosperm Origins. Go to: Course Outline. Chiefly bibliographies and weblinks.

Ruth A. Stockey et al. (2009): Introduction to the Darwin special issue: The abominable mystery. PDF file, American Journal of Botany, 96: 3-4.

Paul K. Strother, Palaeobotany Laboratory, Weston Observatory, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Boston College, Weston, Massachusetts: Links to Resources in Paleobotany, go to: Lectures, "Cryptospores and the Origin of Land Plants" (Powerpoint presentation). Attention, 132 MB!

! Amber David W. Taylor and Leo J. Hickey (1996): Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution & Phylogeny. Google books (some pages omitted); American Institute of Biological Sciences (Springer), 404 pages.

Greg Thorn, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario: Evolution of Plants (Powerpoint presentations). Navigate from here with information from the Syllabus. See e.g. Lecture 16: Evolution of Plants. The evolution of early angiosperms.

Bruce H. Tiffney (University of California, Santa Barbara), Access Excellance, BioForum 4, "Theoretical Issues in Plant Biology". BioForum is a series of lectures, presented by California Academy of Sciences, in which scientists share their research results with high school biology teachers. The Influence of Plants on the Evolution of Terrestrial Communities. "The Influence of Plants on the Evolution of Terrestrial Communities" is a tour de force through some 450 million years of plant evolution, giving you a feeling for the life forms based on sequential evidence of the fossil records and a consideration of the climates and major physical events that prevail.

! Elizabeth Anne Viau, Charter College of Education, California State University, Los Angeles: World Builders, Session Eight, Terrestrial Botany, Plants on Land. Go to: Important Landmarks in the Evolution of Land Plants.

School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand: Evolution for Teaching. Earth's History and Evolution. Teaching resources. Go to: Plant Evolution, Prokaryotes, Algae and Plants.

David T. Webb, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu: Plant Evolutionary Diversity. Lecture notes. See also: at Plant Evolution Review Article. PDF file, Graham et al. 2000.

Niklas Wikström et al. (2001): Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. PDF file, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, 268: 2211-2220.

! Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Plant evolution,
Evolutionary history of plants,
Timeline of plant evolution,
Paleobotany,
Plant evolutionary developmental biology.

Kathy Willis, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, & Jenny McElwain, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (Oxford University Press): The Evolution of Plants. Book announcement. Go to: Chapter 06, Flowering plant origins (PDF file).

Scott L. Wing and Lisa D. Boucher: ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CRETACEOUS FLOWERING PLANT RADIATION.- Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1998 26: 379-421. Full Online Access via Annual Reviews, Go to Annual Reviews Search Page (Biomedical Sciences), Search for "Wing" (Field Author, Last Name).

! H.S. Yoon et al. (2004): A molecular timeline for the origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes. PDF file, Mol. Biol. Evol., 21: 809-818. See also here.

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