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Introductions to both Fossil and Recent Plant Taxa /
Gymnosperms
! Maarten J.M. Christenhusz et al. (2011): A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. PDF file, Phytotaxa, 19: 55-70.
! Michael Clayton, Department of Botany,
University of Wisconsin, Madison:
Instructional Technology (BotIT).
Some image collections. Excellent! Go to:
Gymnosperms
Peter Crane, The Tree of Life Web Project (coordinator and editor: David R. Maddison): Spermatopsida, Seed Plants.
! C.C. Davis and H. Schaefer (2011): Plant Evolution: Pulses of Extinction and Speciation in Gymnosperm Diversity. See also here (abstract).
! Christopher J. Earle (server space has been provided by the Department of Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany): The Gymnosperm Database. Currently the database provides basic information for all species and higher-ranked taxa of the gymnosperms, i.e., conifers, cycads, and their allies. You may navigate from the Gymnosperm Database Site Map All Taxa on the Gymnosperm Database.
Christopher J. Earle, The Gymnosperm Database: Links.
Howard J. Falcon-Lang and Arden R. Bashforth (2005): Morphology, anatomy, and upland ecology of large cordaitalean trees from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Newfoundland. PDF file, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 135: 223-243.
Robert A. Gastaldo, Department of Geology, Colby College, Waterville, Maine: Navigate via: Notes for a Course in Paleobotany. Go to: Gymnosperms in the Mesophytic.
Kevin R. Hultine (Department of Forest Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID), and John D. Marshall (website hosted by Biology Online): A comparison of three methods for determining the stomatal density of pine needles. Three methods used to estimate the stomatal density of two species of three-needle pines, Pinus taeda and Pinus ponderosa is reported.
Conrad C. Labandeira et al. (2007): Pollination drops, pollen, and insect pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. PDF file, Taxon, 56:663-695.
Gerhard Leubner Lab, University Freiburg, Germany: Seed Evolution.
! Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, Lima:
Plant
Biology at OSU Lima. Go to:
Gymnosperms.
Plant anatomical characteristics.
A. Linkies et al. (2010): The evolution of seeds. PDF file, New Phytologist.
! Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, CORDAITES. Link list page with rankings and brief explanations. Images of Cordaites, Cordaites principalis, Cordaicladus, Cordaianthus, Cordaianthus williamsii, Cardiocarpus spinosus, Samaropsis,, Artisia horizontalis, Mesoxylon, Mesoxylon iowense, Amyelon.
Dennis C. Murphy, ("Devonian Times", a paleontology web site featuring Red Hill): Who's Who at Red Hill, Archaeopteris spp. (Progymnosperm Trees), and The First Forests.
The New York Botanical Garden, Herbarium: Catalog of North American Gymnosperms. Approximately 10,000 records of gymnosperms (without cycadopytes and gnetophytes) from North America north of Mexico are available for searching and are arranged according to family.
Ruud J. Poort, Henk Visscher, and David L. Dilcher: Zoidogamy in fossil gymnosperms: The centenary of a concept, with special reference to prepollen of late Paleozoic conifers. The National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 1996 93: 11713-11717.
Christian Pott and Michael Krings (2010): Gymnosperm Foliage from the Upper Triassic of Lunz, Lower Austria: an annotated check list and identifiation key. PDF file, Geo.Alp, 7: 19-38.
! S. Renner (2009): Gymnosperms. PDF file, In: S.B. Hedges and S. Kumar (eds.): The Timetree of Life (see here).
SlideServe: Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms (Powerpoint presentatation).
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands: Hans´ Paleobotany Pages. Plant life in the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Cretaceous. Go to:
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands:
Hans´ Paleobotany Pages.
Plant life from the Silurian to the Cretaceous. Go to:
Fossil gymnosperm wood, and
The gymnospermous tree Cordaites.
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands:
Hans´ Paleobotany Pages.
Plant life from the Silurian to the Cretaceous. Go to:
Little animals in the Coal Swamp.
Biological Sciences, Teaching Development Unit, University of Sydney: Learning Modules. Go to: Pine (Gymnosperm) Life Cycle.
Ruud J. Poort, Henk Visscher, and David L. Dilcher: Zoidogamy in fossil gymnosperms: The centenary of a concept, with special reference to prepollen of late Paleozoic conifers. Article in PDF format. PNAS Vol. 93, Issue 21, 11713-11717, October 15, 1996.
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands: Hans´ Paleobotany Pages. Fossil plant images from the oldest land plants. Go to: Fossil gymnosperm wood.
Botany Department, University of Toronto: Families of Vascular Plants. An introduction to the families of vascular plants with emphasis on morphological variation in relation to identification and significant aspects of breeding systems, dispersal syndromes, and other features of their biology. Go to: Gymnosperms. Heterospory and seeds.
Jun Wang and Hermann W. Pfefferkorn (2010): Nystroemiaceae, a new family of Permian gymnosperms from China with an unusual combination of features. PDF file, Proc. R. Soc., B, 277: 301-309. See also here.
WANG Jun, H.W. Pfefferkorn, SUN Bainian & LIU Lujun: Discovery of organic connection of Chiropteris Kurr and Nystroemia Halle from Early Permian of western Henan, China. PDF file (32 MB !), Chinese Science Bulletin, 2003, Vol. 48, No. 20, p. 2248-2252.
! Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
Gymnosperm, and the German Wikipedia:
Nacktsamige Pflanzen
(in German).
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