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Introductions to both Fossil and Recent Plant Taxa /
Sphenophyta
! Nan Crystal Arens, C. Strömberg and A. Thompson, Department of Integrative Biology, and Paleobotany Section, Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Virtual Paleobotany. The Virtual Paleobotanical Laboratory, a comprehensive treatment of the fossil record of land plants, is divided into 12 chapters, lab I through XII. Each lab has a title page, a page with questions around the group or subject of study, a list of literature and links for further reading and exploration, and a virtual gallery of images from the lab. Go to: Sphenopsids and Ferns.
! Lorna Ash & Heather Kroening, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta: Instructional Multimedia, Multimedia Topics, Botany. Go to: Equisetum life cycle, Fern Life Cycle. See also here. Online and downloadable flash 4 movies. Excellent!
Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian National Herbarium: Fern Pages, Pteridophytes: The Ferns and their Allies.
Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Introduction to the Sphenophyta.
!
The Botanical Society of America:
The American Journal
of Botany Cover Images Index.
The collection on the page holding the cover images of
the American Journal of Botany. A great set of images! See also:
!
Online Image Collection.
This page acts as a map to
the entire collection. Images are classified
in groups in which they were submitted for historical purposes, e.g.
Sphenophyta.
The British Pteridiological Society. The British Pteridological Society provides a wide range of information about ferns for fern enthusiasts. It also organises formal talks, informal discussions, field meetings, garden visits, plant exchanges, a spore exchange scheme and fern book sales. Go to: An Introduction to Ferns. This introduction (to ferns and other pteridophytes) is based on a chapter from the book "A World of Ferns", by Josephine M. Camus, A. Clive Jermy & Barry A. Thomas, Natural History Museum Publications, London.
Reiner Burger, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: Holzversteinerungen. Unter dem Pflaster der Wald. Ramified Calamites axes from Chemnitz (in German).
Curtis Clark, Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University, Pomona: Plant Morphology. Resources. Go to: Lab 11: Sphenophyta, Pterophyta. PDF file.
! Michael Clayton, Department of Botany,
University of Wisconsin, Madison:
Instructional Technology (BotIT).
Some image collections. Excellent! Go to:
Fern
Allies. See also:
Equisetales.
David L. Des Marais, Alan R. Smith, Donald M. Britton, and Kathleen M. Pryer: PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND EVOLUTION OF EXTANT HORSETAILS, EQUISETUM, BASED ON CHLOROPLAST DNA SEQUENCE DATA (rbcL AND trnL-F). PDF file, Int. J. Plant Sci. 164: 737–751; 2003.
! dmoz, the Open Directory Project:
Science: Biology: Flora and Fauna: Plantae:
Equisetophyta.
See also:
Earth Sciences: Paleontology: Paleobotany:
Taxa.
J. Georg Friebe: Schachtelhalme (Equisetaceae) aus der Kössen-Formation (Rhaetium) der Nördlichen Kalkalpen Vorarlbergs. PDF file, Vorarlberger Naturschau, Dornbirn (in German).
Øyvind Hammer, Computational Paleontology, Computer graphics reconstructions. Go to: Big Calamites.
Monte Hieb and Harrison Hieb: Plant Fossils of West Virginia. Fossil Plants of the Middle Pennsylvanian Period. Go to: Articulates (Sphenopsids).
Josef Hlasek: Photo Gallery wildlife pictures, Plants. Go to: Plants - Pteridophyta.
W.B. Keith Holmes (page hosted by the Australian Museum Online): Equisetalean Plant Remains from the Early to Middle Triassic of New South Wales, Australia (PDF file). Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 9–20.
! Chad E. Husby, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami: The Giant Horsetails. Worth to check out: An Introduction to the Genus Equisetum and the Class Sphenopsida as a whole, and How large are the giant horsetails?.
K.-P. Kelber & J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (1998): Equisetites arenaceus from the Upper Triassic of Germany with evidence for reproductive strategies. Abstract, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 100: 1-26.
Kurt Stüber's Online Library. A collection of historic and modern biology books. Go to: BioLib alphabetic index of Latin plant species names. Latin names used in this index often do not correspond to modern botanical nomenclature. See for instance: Equisetum hyemale.
Kustatscher, E., Wachtler, M. & van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J.H.A., (2007): Horsetails and seedferns from the Anisian locality Kühwiesenkopf (Dolomites, Northern Italy). PDF file, Palaeontology 50 (5): 1277-1298.
E. Kustatscher and J.H.A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert (2008): Neocalamites asperrimus (Franke) Shen 1990, a morphospecies for Triassic sphenophyte "cortical structures"? Abstract, 18th Plant Taphonomy Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
! Biological Sciences, Ohio State University, Lima:
Plant
Biology at OSU Lima. Go to:
Sphenopsids.
Plant anatomical characteristics.
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Plant Systematics Collection. This web site provides structured access to a teaching collection of plant images representing over 250 families and 1000 genera of vascular plants. Go to: Phylum Sphenophyta (Horse Tails).
Michael Matus: The Wonderful World of Equisetum. This page is devoted to the group of Equisetum, commonly called horsetails.
MDR Sachsen (a TV station), Region Chemnitz: Riesenschachtelhalm ist Fossil des Jahres (video report, in German). See also here (abstract Rößler and Noll (2006), the largest known anatomically preserved Calamites trunk.
! Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, FOSSIL AND EXTANT SPHENOPHYTES. Link list page with rankings and brief explanations. Images of Calamites, Calamites carinatus, Calamites cistii, Annularia, Annularia radiata, Annularia mucronata, Annularia stellata, Annularia sphenophylloides, Asterophyllites, Asterophyllites equisetiformis, Asterophyllites charaeformis, Asterophyllites longifolius, Calamostachys, Calamostachy binneyana, Sphenophyllum, Sphenophyllum cuneifolium, Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Sphenophyllum longifolium, Sphenophyllum majus, Sphenophyllum geinitzii, Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum.
Dan Nickrent and Karen Renzaglia, Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale: Land Plants Online, Horsetails - Phylum Equisetophyta.
Anthony Pigott, National Collection of Equisetum.
Go to:
A Brief Introduction to Equisetum. Worth checking out:
Cultivation of Horsetails.
(based on an article first published 1988 in the Pteridologist 1: 209).
Anthony Pigott, The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens (NCCPG): Links. Here are a number of links to further information about horsetails on the Internet.
Henry Potonié, 1901: Die Silur und die Culm-Flora des Harzes und des Magdeburgischen (in German). Images of Calamites. See also here. The www.biolib.de project, Kurt Stüber, Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln.
C. Pott et al. (2008): Sphenophytes from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Lunz am See (Lower Austria). PDF file, Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Wien, 148 183-199.
Bernard Renault, 1881-1885 (provided by Gallica): Cours de botanique fossile fait au Muséum d'histoire naturelle.- Deuxième année (1882). Lépidodendrées, sphénophyllées, astérophyllitées, annulariées, calamariées.
Ronny Rößler, Museum of Natural History, Chemnitz (website hosted by Paläontologische Gesellschaft): Paläontologische Forschung, Einzigartig und dennoch ausgestorben - Die Schachtelhalm-Giganten des Perms (in German).
Ronny Rößler & Robert Noll (website hosted by fossilien-journal.de): Calamitea COTTA 1832. Fossile Pflanze zwischen Historie und aktueller Forschung. PDF file, in German.
Gar W. Rothwell, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH: Vascular Plant Morphology. This course covers the structure, development, reproductive biology and relationships of vascular plants. The course is structured to emphasize the evolutionary changes that led to the diversity of modern tracheophytes. Go to: Equisetophytes (PDF file).
Patricia E. Ryberg et al. (2008): Development and ecological implications of dormant buds in the high-Paleolaltitude Triassic sphenophyte Spaciinodum (Equisetaceae). PDF file, Am. J. Bot., 95: 1443-1453. See also here.
Patricia E. Ryberg et al. (2007): Buds and Branching in the Triassic sphenophyte Spaciinodum collinsonii. Abstract, Botany & Plant Biology 2007, Botanical Society of America, Chicago.
! Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, & Paul G. Wolf (2006). A classification for extant ferns. PDF file, Taxon 55: 705–731.
Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Underground Carboniferous Forest (Riola mine, Illinois). A lycopsid tree stump and a pith cast of Calamites.
Hans Steur, Ellecom, The Netherlands:
Hans´ Paleobotany Pages.
Plant life in the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and Cretaceous.
Go to:
The horsetail tree Calamites, and
Wood of
the horsetail tree Calamites.
Ralph E. Taggart, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology/Department of
Geological Sciences at Michigan State University, East Lansing:
BOT335 Lecture Schedule.
Carboniferous Horsetails;
TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU MIHAIL FLORIAN and GAR W. ROTHWELL. Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Porter Hall, Athens: Exploring the cladistic relationships of sphenopsids. Abstract. Botany 2001, August 12 - 16, 2001; Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida (by Kathleen M. Pryer and Alan R. Smith).
Dave Walker, Micscape Magazine, Microscopy UK: Horsetails: relic plants from prehistory.
David T. Webb, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu: Sphenophytina.
R. Weber (2005): Equisetites aequecaliginosus sp. nov., ein Riesenschachtelhalm aus der spättriassischen Formation Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexiko. PDF file, (in German). Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève, 24: 331-364.
E. Zodrow and M. Mastalerz (2009):
A
proposed origin for fossilized Pennsylvanian plant cuticles
by pyrite oxidation (Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada).
PDF file, Bulletin of Geosciences, 84: 227-240.
! See fig. 12: In situ Calamites pith casts,
Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia.
Chemistry Biology Pharmacy Information Center,
ETH Hönggerberg,
Zürich:
Chemistry, Biology and related disciplines in the WWW,
Links > Chemistry & Biology > Botany > Cryptogams >
Equisetaceae
(in German).
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