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Introductions to both Fossil and Recent Plant Taxa /
Seed Plants in General
Federico Exequiel Arce and y Alicia Isabel Lutz (2010): Fructificaciones de la Formación Los Rastros, Triásico Superior, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina (in Spanish). PDF file, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27: 32-42. Triassic fructifications (Umkomasia, Peltaspermum, Andersonia, Matatiella, Telemachus) from Argentina and elsewhere in Gondwana. See also here.
The Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), University of California at Berkeley: Introduction to the Spermatophytes: The seed plants.
britannica.com: Gymnosperm.
Shu-Miaw Chaw et al. (2000): Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. PDF file, PNAS, 97. See also here.
M.J. Donoghue and J.A. Doyle (2000): Seed plant phylogeny: Demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? Current Biology, 10.
M.J. Donoghue (1989): Phylogenies and the analysis of evolutionary sequences, with examples from seed plants. PDF file, Evolution, 43.
Christopher J. Earle, Seattle: The Gymnosperm Database. Enter the taxonomic tree at the highest level (Order and Family) and then navigate to the species or sometimes variety levels. At each level, information on the taxon at hand is provided, along with bibliographic citations that will take you to more detailed information about the species.
Gerhard Leubner Lab, University Freiburg, Germany: Seed Evolution. Go to: Angiosperm seed evolution and species diversification.
Gerhard Leubner, The Seed Biology Place, Molecular Plant Sciences, University Freiburg, Germany: Seed evolution. Origin and evolution of the seed habit. See also: Seed dictionary English-German.
A. Linkies et al. (2010): The evolution of seeds. PDF file, New Phytologist.
! Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, EARLIEST SEED PLANTS. Link list page with rankings and brief explanations. Images of Moresnetia, Moresnetia zaleskyi, Elkinsia. See also: CALLIPTERIDS. Images of Autunia conferta, Rhachiphyllum schenkii.
! Palaeobotanical Research Group, Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany. History of Palaeozoic Forests, THE EARLY FORESTS AND THE PROGYMNOSPERMS. Link list page with rankings and brief explanations. Images of Archaeopteris, Tetraxylopteris schmidtii, Callixylon, Archaeopteris gaspensis, Archaeopteris halliana, Archaeopteris hibernica.
The New York Botanical Garden, Herbarium: Catalog of North American Gymnosperms. Approximately 10,000 records of gymnosperms (without cycadopytes and gnetophytes) from North America north of Mexico are available for searching and are arranged according to family.
Dan Nickrent and Karen Renzaglia, Department of Plant Biology,
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale:
Land Plants Online.
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