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The Carnian Pluvial Event
M.I. Al-Husseini (2017): Demystifying the Carnian with orbital-forcing of glacio-eustasy. In PDF, www.orbitalscale.com (?)
A. Arche and J. López-Gómez (2014): The Carnian Pluvial Event in Western Europe: New data from Iberia and correlation with the Western Neotethys and Eastern North America-NW Africa regions. Abstract, Earth Science Reviews, 28: 196-231.
R. Aubrecht et al. (2017):
Provenance
of the Lunz Formation (Carnian) in the Western Carpathians,
Slovakia: Heavy mineral study and in situ LA–ICP–MS U–Pb detrital
zircon dating. In PDF,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 471: 233–253. See also
here
(abstract), and
there.
Please take notice: Fig. 23, paleogeographic scheme of Middle Carnian, showing probable provenance of the Lunz Formation
arenites and its relation to the Stuttgart Formation in the Central
European Basin.
A. Bahr et al. (2020):
Mega-monsoon
variability during the late Triassic: Re-assessing the role of orbital
forcing in the deposition of playa sediments in the Germanic Basin. In PDF,
Sedimentology, 67.
See also
here.
"... The recurring
pattern of pluvial events during the late Triassic demonstrates that orbital forcing, in particular
eccentricity, stimulated the occurrence and intensity of wet phases. It also highlights the possibility
that the Carnian Pluvial Event, although most likely triggered by enhanced volcanic activity, may also
have been modified by an orbital stimulus. ..."
V. Baranyi et al. (2019): Palynology and weathering proxies reveal climatic fluctuations during the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) (Late Triassic) from marine successions in the Transdanubian Range (western Hungary). Abstract, Global and Planetary Change, 177: 157-172.
V. Baranyi et al. (2018): A continental record of the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) from the Mercia Mudstone Group (UK): palynology and climatic implications. Abstract, Journal of the Geological Society.
!
M.J. Benton and F. Wu (2022):
Triassic
revolution. Free access,
Frontiers in Earth Science, 10. See also
here.
Note figure 9: Novel physiological and functional characteristics, new tetrapod,
insect and plant groups in the Triassic on land.
"... On land, ongoing competition between synapsids and
archosauromorphs through the Triassic was marked by a posture shift from sprawling
to erect, and a shift in physiology to warm-bloodedness, with insulating skin coverings of
hair and feathers. Dinosaurs, for example, originated in the Early or Middle Triassic,
but did not diversify until after the CPE [Carnian Pluvial Episode]. ..."
M. Bernardi and G. Carnevale (2019): The Italian geo-palaeontological record of major turnovers in the history of life. In PDF, Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 58: 1-3.
M. Bernardi et al. (2018): Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode. In PDF, Nature Communications, 9.
A.-W. Blaschke et al. (2009):
Petrography
and reservoir characteristics of Upper Triassic sandstones from
a CO2 pilot storage site (Stuttgart Formation, Ketzin, Germany). In PDF,
DGMK/ÖGEW-Frühjahrstagung 2009, Fachbereich Aufsuchung und Gewinnung (Celle, Germany 2009).
See also
here.
!
"... Sandstones of the Upper Triassic Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein) are currently tested
[...]
The sandstones are lithic arkoses, lithic subarkoses and feldspathic litharenites. The
lithoclasts comprise chert, volcanic and clastic sedimentary rock fragments, and minor
metamorphic grains. Anhydrite and analcime are the most abundant authigenic minerals.
Other authigenic minerals are calcite, Fe-oxides/-hydroxides, quartz, feldpar, and locally
chlorite. ..."
A. Boscaini et al. (2022):
Late
Permian to Late Triassic Large
Igneous Provinces: Timing, Eruptive
Style and Paleoenvironmental
Perturbations. Free access,
Frontiers in Earth Science.
See also
here.
Note figure 1: Simplified sketches of the Siberian Traps, the Wrangellia
and the CAMP.
Figure 2: Initial maximum CO2 budgets obtained from Nb whole-rock concentrations
of magmas for the Siberian Traps, the Wrangellia and the
CAMP.
J. Dal Corso et al. (2022): Background Earth system state amplified Carnian (Late Triassic) environmental changes. In PDF, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 578. See also here.
! J. Dal Corso et al. (2020): Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic). Open access, Science Advances, 16.
J. Dal Corso (et al. 2018): Carnian (Late Triassic) C-isotope excursions, environmental changes, and biotic turnover: a global perturbation of the Earth’s surface system. Abstract, Journal of the Geological Society, 176, 129-131. See also here (in PDF).
J. Dal Corso (et al. 2018): The Carnian pluvial episode (Late Triassic): new insights into this important time of global environmental and biological change. Open acces, Journal of the Geological Society, 175: 986-988.
! J. Dal Corso et al. (2018): First workshop on the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic): A report. In PDF, Albertiana 44. See also here.
J. Dal Corso (2011):
The
Middle-Late Triassic d13Cplant trend and the carnian pluvial event C-isotope signature.
Ph.D. thesis, University of Padua. See also
here
(abstract).
Amber from the Triassic of the
Italian Alps.
M. Franz et al. (2018): Deep geothermal resources of the North German Basin: The hydrothermal reservoirs of the Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein, Upper Triassic). Abstract, Z. Dt. Ges. Geowiss., 169: 53–387. See also here.
! The Geological Society of London:A. Fijalkowska-Mader et al. (2020): Record of the Carnian Pluvial Episode in the Polish microflora. In PDF, Palaeoworld. See also here.
M. Franz et al. (2019): The Schilfsandstein and its flora - arguments for a humid mid-Carnian episode? Journal of the Geological Society, 176: 133-148. See also here (in PDF).
M. Franz et al. (2014): Eustatic control on epicontinental basins: The example of the Stuttgart Formation in the Central European Basin (Middle Keuper, Late Triassic. Abstract, Global and Planetary Change, 122 :305-329. See also here (in PDF).
Richard Gibson, History of the Earth: September 24. The Carnian Pluvial Event.
A.E. Götz and D. Uhl (2022):
Triassic
micro-charcoal as a promising puzzle piece in palaeoclimate reconstruction: An example from the
Germanic Basin. Free access,
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 92.
See also
here.
"The Triassic has long been regarded as a period without evidence
of wildfires; however, recent studies on macro-charcoal have provided data indicating their occurrence throughout
almost the entire Triassic. Still, the macro-palaeobotanical record is scarce ..."
[...] Comparison with
the global record indicates that charcoal occurrence corresponds
to warming phases and thus is vital in Triassic climate reconstruction. ..."
Note figure 1: Stratigraphic framework of charcoal discoveries in the Germanic Basin.
!
Figure 4: First-order warming cycles based on Tethyan surface open-marine
temperatures inferred from the conodont
record of stratigraphic sections of the central and western Tethyan realm.
C.T. Griffin et al. (2022):
Africa’s oldest
dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution. Abstract,
Nature.
See also:
here.
"... By the Late Triassic (Carnian stage, ~235 million years ago), cosmopolitan
‘disaster faunas’ had given way to highly endemic assemblages on the supercontinent.
[...]
palaeolatitudinal climate belts, and not continental boundaries, are proposed
to have controlled distribution. During this time of high endemism ..."
B.L.H. Horn et al.(2018):
A
loess deposit in the Late Triassic of southern Gondwana, and its
significance to global paleoclimate. Abstract,
Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 81: 189-203. See also
here.
Note fig. 10: Paleomap of Late Triassic
showing the climatic zones.
T. Hornung et al. (2007):
Multistratigraphic
constraints on the NW Tethyan "Carnian crisis". In PDF, In:
Lucas, S.G. and Spielmann, J.A. (eds.): The Global Triassic.
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 41.
Snapshot provided by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
X. Jin (2019): The Carnian (Late Triassic) Extreme Climate Event: Comparison of the Italian Tethys and South China Geological Records. Ph.D. thesis. See also here (in PDF).
! H.W. Kozur and G.H. Bachmann (2010): The Middle Carnian Wet Intermezzo of the Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein), Germanic Basin. Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 290: 107-119. See also here (in PDF).
E. Kustatscher 2018; starting on PDF page 5): The Carnian pluvial party event for plants. Abstract, in PDF, in: Dal Corso, J. et al. (2018). First workshop on the Carnian Pluvial Episode (Late Triassic): a report. Albertiana, 44, 49-57.
L. Li et al. (2022): Palynological record of the Carnian Pluvial Episode from the northwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany.
Q. Li et al. (2022):
Response
of Carnian Pluvial Episode evidenced by organic carbon isotopic excursions from
western Hubei, South China. In PDF,
Palaeoworld, 31: 324-333.
See also
here.
S. Lin et al. (2022): A millimeter-scale insight into formation mechanism of lacustrine black shale in tephra deposition background. Free access, Scientific Reports, 12.
!
J. Lu et al. (2021):
Volcanically
driven lacustrine ecosystem changes during the Carnian Pluvial
Episode (Late Triassic). Free access, PNAS, 118.
"... Here, we show, in a detailed record from a
lake in North China, that the CPE can actually be resolved into
four distinct events, each one driven by a discrete pulse of intense
volcanism associated with enormous releases of carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere. These triggered a major intensification
of the hydrological cycle and led to lake eutrophication. ..."
A. Lukeneder and P. Lukeneder (2022): Taphonomic history and trophic interactions of an ammonoid fauna from the Upper Triassic Polzberg palaeobiota. Open access, Scientific Reports, 12.
A. Lukeneder and P. Lukeneder (2021): The Upper Triassic Polzberg palaeobiota from a marine Konservat-Lagerstätte deposited during the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Austria. Free access, Scientific Reports, 11.
A.C. Mancuso et al. 2022):
Paleoenvironmental
and Biotic Changes in the Late Triassic of Argentina: Testing Hypotheses of Abiotic
Forcing at the Basin Scale. Free access,
Front. Earth Sci., 10:883788.
doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.883788.
See also
here.
Note chapter 1.1: Climate and Evolution in the Triassic of
Gondwana.
"... we synthesize a multi-proxy basin-scale dataset of paleoenvironmental data,
including new information from clay mineralogy and paleosol major- and trace-element
geochemistry, to understand paleoclimate changes ..."
A.C. Mancuso et al. (2020): Evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Gondwana: New multiproxy climate records and their bearing on early dinosaur diversification. Abstract, Gondwana Research.
!
T. McKie (2014):
Climatic
and tectonic controls on Triassic dryland terminal fluvial system architecture, central North Sea. In PDF,
Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., 46: 19-58.
See also
here (provided
by Google books).
!
Palaeogeographic response to regional climate wettening depicted in Fig. 19.
T. McKie and B. Williams (2009): Triassic and fluvial dispersal across the northwest European Basins. Abstract.
! C.S. Miller and V. Baranyi (2019): Triassic Climates. In PDF. See also here.
! C.S. Miller et al. (2017): Astronomical age constraints and extinction mechanisms of the Late Triassic Carnian crisis. Sci Rep., 7: 2557.
S. Mueller et al. (2015): Integrated stratigraphy and palaeoclimate history of the Carnian Pluvial Event in the Boreal realm; new data from the Upper Triassic Kapp Toscana Group in central Spitsbergen (Norway). In PDF, Journal of the Geological Society. See also here.
S. Mueller et al. (2015): Climate variability during the Carnian Pluvial Phase - A quantitative palynological study of the Carnian sedimentary succession at Lunz am See, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. In PDF, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
!
J.G. Ogg (2015):
The
mysterious Mid-Carnian "Wet Intermezzo" global event. In PDF,
Journal of Earth Science, 26: 181-191.
The link is to a version archived by the Internet Archive´s Wayback Machine.
J. Peng et al. (2022):
A
Late Triassic vegetation record from the Huangshanjie Formation, Junggar Basin, China:
possible evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode. In PDF,
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 521: 95-108.
See also
here.
"... Among these palynofloras, we observed a prominent shift from a conifer-dominated climax
forest community, with common ginkgophytes and bennettites, to a fern-dominated community,
suggestive of an environmental perturbation. We interpret this change as a regional shift
in vegetation, likely caused by increased humidity, consistent with the CPE [Carnian Pluvial Episode]. ..."
! N. Preto et al. (2019): The Carnian Pluvial Episode in Italy: History of the research and perspectives. In PDF, Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 58: 35-49.
N. Preto et al. (2010): Triassic climates. State of the art and perspectives. Abstract, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 290: 1-10. For PDF download go to "Download PDF" and choose "Article". See also here (in PDF).
Revolvy (?): Carnian Pluvial Event.
M. Rigo et al. (2007):
A
rise in the carbonate compensation depth of western Tethys in the Carnian (Late Triassic): deep-water
evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Event. Abstract,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 246: 188-205.
See also
here.
!
G Roghi et al. (2022):
An
Exceptionally Preserved Terrestrial
Record of LIP Effects on Plants in the
Carnian (Upper Triassic)
Amber-Bearing Section of the
Dolomites, Italy. In PDF,
Frontiers in Earth Science.
Note figure 1: Pangaean floristic subprovinces during the Late Triassic.
!
Fig. 6: Fossil plant remains and palynomorphs enclosed in the amber droplets.
D.A. Ruban (2022):
A
review of the Late Triassic conodont conundrum: survival
beyond biotic perturbations. Open access,
Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 102: 373–382.
See also
here.
Note fig. 3: The Middle–Late Triassic biotic perturbations.
A. Ruffell et al. (2018): Triassic extinctions and explosions. Geoscientist, 28: 10-15. See also here.
! A. Ruffell et al. (2016): The Carnian Humid Episode of the late Triassic: a review. Abstract, Geological Magazine, 153: 271-284. See also here (in PDF).
A. Ruffell and M. Hounslow 2006):
Triassic:
seasonal rivers, dusty deserts and saline lakes. In PDF,
In P.F. Rawson, &
P. Brenchley (eds.), The Geology of England & Wales. (pp. 295-325).
Geological Society of London.
Now recovered from the Internet Archive´s
Wayback Machine.
L.J. Seyfullah et al. (2018):
The
Carnian Pluvial Episode and the first global appearance of amber. Abstract,
Journal of the Geological Society, 175: 1012-1018.
Also of interest in this context:
Pflanzliche
Botschaften aus der Urzeit
(by Tamara Worzewski,
November 08, 2022, Spektrum.de, in German).
M.J. Simms and A.H. Ruffell (2018): The Carnian Pluvial Episode: from discovery, through obscurity, to acceptance. Abstract, Journal of the Geological Society, 175: 989-992.
! M.J. Simms and A.H. Ruffell (1989): Synchroneity of climatic change and extinctions in the Late Triassic. Abstract, Geology, 17: 265-268.
Y.D. Sun et al. (2018): Perturbations in carbon cycle during the Carnian Humid Episode: Carbonate carbon isotope records from southwestern China and northern Oman. Abstract, See also here (in PDF).
Y.D. Sun et al. (2016): Climate warming, euxinia and carbon isotope perturbations during the Carnian (Triassic) Crisis in South China. Abstract, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 444: 88–100. See also here (in PDF).
H. Visscher et al. (1994): Rejection of a Carnian (Late Triassic)"pluvial event" in Europe. Abstract, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 83: 217-226.
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia:
!
Carnian Pluvial Event.
!
A. Zeh et al. (2021):
Zircon
of Triassic Age in the Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein)-Witness of Tephra Fallout
in the Central European Basin and New Constraints on the Mid-Carnian Episode. Free access,
Front. Earth Sci. See also
here.
Note figure 1: Ladinian-Carnian global and regional palaeogeography.
Note figure 2: Schematic SSW-NNE cross-section through the Central European Basin
summarizing depositional environments and stratigraphy of the
Stuttgart Formation.
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